> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-.net-applications-injection.md). # macOS .Net Applications Injection {% hint style="success" %} Learn & practice AWS Hacking:[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)\ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: [**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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{% endhint %} **This is a summary of the post** [**https://blog.xpnsec.com/macos-injection-via-third-party-frameworks/**](https://blog.xpnsec.com/macos-injection-via-third-party-frameworks/)**. Check it for further details!** ## .NET Core Debugging ### **Establishing a Debugging Session** The handling of communication between debugger and debuggee in .NET is managed by [**dbgtransportsession.cpp**](https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/0633ecfb79a3b2f1e4c098d1dd0166bc1ae41739/src/coreclr/debug/shared/dbgtransportsession.cpp). This component sets up two named pipes per .NET process as seen in [dbgtransportsession.cpp#L127](https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/0633ecfb79a3b2f1e4c098d1dd0166bc1ae41739/src/coreclr/debug/shared/dbgtransportsession.cpp#L127), which are initiated via [twowaypipe.cpp#L27](https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/0633ecfb79a3b2f1e4c098d1dd0166bc1ae41739/src/coreclr/debug/debug-pal/unix/twowaypipe.cpp#L27). These pipes are suffixed with **`-in`** and **`-out`**. By visiting the user's **`$TMPDIR`**, one can find debugging FIFOs available for debugging .Net applications. [**DbgTransportSession::TransportWorker**](https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/0633ecfb79a3b2f1e4c098d1dd0166bc1ae41739/src/coreclr/debug/shared/dbgtransportsession.cpp#L1259) is responsible for managing communication from a debugger. To initiate a new debugging session, a debugger must send a message via the `out` pipe starting with a `MessageHeader` struct, detailed in the .NET source code: ```c struct MessageHeader { MessageType m_eType; // Message type DWORD m_cbDataBlock; // Size of following data block (can be zero) DWORD m_dwId; // Message ID from sender DWORD m_dwReplyId; // Reply-to Message ID DWORD m_dwLastSeenId; // Last seen Message ID by sender DWORD m_dwReserved; // Reserved for future (initialize to zero) union { struct { DWORD m_dwMajorVersion; // Requested/accepted protocol version DWORD m_dwMinorVersion; } VersionInfo; ... } TypeSpecificData; BYTE m_sMustBeZero[8]; } ``` To request a new session, this struct is populated as follows, setting the message type to `MT_SessionRequest` and the protocol version to the current version: ```c static const DWORD kCurrentMajorVersion = 2; static const DWORD kCurrentMinorVersion = 0; // Configure the message type and version sSendHeader.m_eType = MT_SessionRequest; sSendHeader.TypeSpecificData.VersionInfo.m_dwMajorVersion = kCurrentMajorVersion; sSendHeader.TypeSpecificData.VersionInfo.m_dwMinorVersion = kCurrentMinorVersion; sSendHeader.m_cbDataBlock = sizeof(SessionRequestData); ``` This header is then sent over to the target using the `write` syscall, followed by the `sessionRequestData` struct containing a GUID for the session: ```c write(wr, &sSendHeader, sizeof(MessageHeader)); memset(&sDataBlock.m_sSessionID, 9, sizeof(SessionRequestData)); write(wr, &sDataBlock, sizeof(SessionRequestData)); ``` A read operation on the `out` pipe confirms the success or failure of the debugging session establishment: ```c read(rd, &sReceiveHeader, sizeof(MessageHeader)); ``` ## Reading Memory Once a debugging session is established, memory can be read using the [`MT_ReadMemory`](https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/f3a45a91441cf938765bafc795cbf4885cad8800/src/coreclr/src/debug/shared/dbgtransportsession.cpp#L1896) message type. The function readMemory is detailed, performing the necessary steps to send a read request and retrieve the response: ```c bool readMemory(void *addr, int len, unsigned char **output) { // Allocation and initialization ... // Write header and read response ... // Read the memory from the debuggee ... return true; } ``` The complete proof of concept (POC) is available [here](https://gist.github.com/xpn/95eefc14918998853f6e0ab48d9f7b0b). ## Writing Memory Similarly, memory can be written using the `writeMemory` function. The process involves setting the message type to `MT_WriteMemory`, specifying the address and length of the data, and then sending the data: ```c bool writeMemory(void *addr, int len, unsigned char *input) { // Increment IDs, set message type, and specify memory location ... // Write header and data, then read the response ... // Confirm memory write was successful ... return true; } ``` The associated POC is available [here](https://gist.github.com/xpn/7c3040a7398808747e158a25745380a5). ## .NET Core Code Execution To execute code, one needs to identify a memory region with rwx permissions, which can be done using vmmap -pages: ```bash vmmap -pages [pid] vmmap -pages 35829 | grep "rwx/rwx" ``` Locating a place to overwrite a function pointer is necessary, and in .NET Core, this can be done by targeting the **Dynamic Function Table (DFT)**. This table, detailed in [`jithelpers.h`](https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/6072e4d3a7a2a1493f514cdf4be75a3d56580e84/src/coreclr/src/inc/jithelpers.h), is used by the runtime for JIT compilation helper functions. For x64 systems, signature hunting can be used to find a reference to the symbol `_hlpDynamicFuncTable` in `libcorclr.dll`. The `MT_GetDCB` debugger function provides useful information, including the address of a helper function, `m_helperRemoteStartAddr`, indicating the location of `libcorclr.dll` in the process memory. This address is then used to start a search for the DFT and overwrite a function pointer with the shellcode's address. The full POC code for injection into PowerShell is accessible [here](https://gist.github.com/xpn/b427998c8b3924ab1d63c89d273734b6). ## References * {% hint style="success" %} Learn & practice AWS Hacking:[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)\ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: [**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
Support HackTricks * Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)! * **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.** * **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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