🤖
hacktricks
  • 👾Welcome!
    • HackTricks
    • HackTricks Values & FAQ
    • About the author
  • 🤩Generic Methodologies & Resources
    • Pentesting Methodology
    • External Recon Methodology
      • Wide Source Code Search
      • Github Dorks & Leaks
    • Pentesting Network
      • DHCPv6
      • EIGRP Attacks
      • GLBP & HSRP Attacks
      • IDS and IPS Evasion
      • Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
      • Network Protocols Explained (ESP)
      • Nmap Summary (ESP)
      • Pentesting IPv6
      • WebRTC DoS
      • Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks
      • Spoofing SSDP and UPnP Devices with EvilSSDP
    • Pentesting Wifi
      • Evil Twin EAP-TLS
    • Phishing Methodology
      • Clone a Website
      • Detecting Phishing
      • Phishing Files & Documents
    • Basic Forensic Methodology
      • Baseline Monitoring
      • Anti-Forensic Techniques
      • Docker Forensics
      • Image Acquisition & Mount
      • Linux Forensics
      • Malware Analysis
      • Memory dump analysis
        • Volatility - CheatSheet
      • Partitions/File Systems/Carving
        • File/Data Carving & Recovery Tools
      • Pcap Inspection
        • DNSCat pcap analysis
        • Suricata & Iptables cheatsheet
        • USB Keystrokes
        • Wifi Pcap Analysis
        • Wireshark tricks
      • Specific Software/File-Type Tricks
        • Decompile compiled python binaries (exe, elf) - Retreive from .pyc
        • Browser Artifacts
        • Deofuscation vbs (cscript.exe)
        • Local Cloud Storage
        • Office file analysis
        • PDF File analysis
        • PNG tricks
        • Video and Audio file analysis
        • ZIPs tricks
      • Windows Artifacts
        • Interesting Windows Registry Keys
    • Brute Force - CheatSheet
    • Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript
      • Bypass Python sandboxes
        • LOAD_NAME / LOAD_CONST opcode OOB Read
      • Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
      • Python Internal Read Gadgets
      • Pyscript
      • venv
      • Web Requests
      • Bruteforce hash (few chars)
      • Basic Python
    • Exfiltration
    • Tunneling and Port Forwarding
    • Threat Modeling
    • Search Exploits
    • Reverse Shells (Linux, Windows, MSFVenom)
      • MSFVenom - CheatSheet
      • Reverse Shells - Windows
      • Reverse Shells - Linux
      • Full TTYs
  • 🐧Linux Hardening
    • Checklist - Linux Privilege Escalation
    • Linux Privilege Escalation
      • Arbitrary File Write to Root
      • Cisco - vmanage
      • Containerd (ctr) Privilege Escalation
      • D-Bus Enumeration & Command Injection Privilege Escalation
      • Docker Security
        • Abusing Docker Socket for Privilege Escalation
        • AppArmor
        • AuthZ& AuthN - Docker Access Authorization Plugin
        • CGroups
        • Docker --privileged
        • Docker Breakout / Privilege Escalation
          • release_agent exploit - Relative Paths to PIDs
          • Docker release_agent cgroups escape
          • Sensitive Mounts
        • Namespaces
          • CGroup Namespace
          • IPC Namespace
          • PID Namespace
          • Mount Namespace
          • Network Namespace
          • Time Namespace
          • User Namespace
          • UTS Namespace
        • Seccomp
        • Weaponizing Distroless
      • Escaping from Jails
      • euid, ruid, suid
      • Interesting Groups - Linux Privesc
        • lxd/lxc Group - Privilege escalation
      • Logstash
      • ld.so privesc exploit example
      • Linux Active Directory
      • Linux Capabilities
      • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash misconfiguration PE
      • Node inspector/CEF debug abuse
      • Payloads to execute
      • RunC Privilege Escalation
      • SELinux
      • Socket Command Injection
      • Splunk LPE and Persistence
      • SSH Forward Agent exploitation
      • Wildcards Spare tricks
    • Useful Linux Commands
    • Bypass Linux Restrictions
      • Bypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless
        • DDexec / EverythingExec
    • Linux Environment Variables
    • Linux Post-Exploitation
      • PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules
    • FreeIPA Pentesting
  • 🍏MacOS Hardening
    • macOS Security & Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
        • Objects in memory
        • Introduction to x64
        • Introduction to ARM64v8
      • macOS AppleFS
      • macOS Bypassing Firewalls
      • macOS Defensive Apps
      • macOS GCD - Grand Central Dispatch
      • macOS Kernel & System Extensions
        • macOS IOKit
        • macOS Kernel Extensions & Debugging
        • macOS Kernel Vulnerabilities
        • macOS System Extensions
      • macOS Network Services & Protocols
      • macOS File Extension & URL scheme app handlers
      • macOS Files, Folders, Binaries & Memory
        • macOS Bundles
        • macOS Installers Abuse
        • macOS Memory Dumping
        • macOS Sensitive Locations & Interesting Daemons
        • macOS Universal binaries & Mach-O Format
      • macOS Objective-C
      • macOS Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Process Abuse
        • macOS Dirty NIB
        • macOS Chromium Injection
        • macOS Electron Applications Injection
        • macOS Function Hooking
        • macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication
          • macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
          • macOS XPC
            • macOS XPC Authorization
            • macOS XPC Connecting Process Check
              • macOS PID Reuse
              • macOS xpc_connection_get_audit_token Attack
          • macOS Thread Injection via Task port
        • macOS Java Applications Injection
        • macOS Library Injection
          • macOS Dyld Hijacking & DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
          • macOS Dyld Process
        • macOS Perl Applications Injection
        • macOS Python Applications Injection
        • macOS Ruby Applications Injection
        • macOS .Net Applications Injection
      • macOS Security Protections
        • macOS Gatekeeper / Quarantine / XProtect
        • macOS Launch/Environment Constraints & Trust Cache
        • macOS Sandbox
          • macOS Default Sandbox Debug
          • macOS Sandbox Debug & Bypass
            • macOS Office Sandbox Bypasses
        • macOS Authorizations DB & Authd
        • macOS SIP
        • macOS TCC
          • macOS Apple Events
          • macOS TCC Bypasses
            • macOS Apple Scripts
          • macOS TCC Payloads
        • macOS Dangerous Entitlements & TCC perms
        • macOS - AMFI - AppleMobileFileIntegrity
        • macOS MACF - Mandatory Access Control Framework
        • macOS Code Signing
        • macOS FS Tricks
          • macOS xattr-acls extra stuff
      • macOS Users & External Accounts
    • macOS Red Teaming
      • macOS MDM
        • Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations
        • macOS Serial Number
      • macOS Keychain
    • macOS Useful Commands
    • macOS Auto Start
  • 🪟Windows Hardening
    • Checklist - Local Windows Privilege Escalation
    • Windows Local Privilege Escalation
      • Abusing Tokens
      • Access Tokens
      • ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
      • AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
      • Create MSI with WIX
      • COM Hijacking
      • Dll Hijacking
        • Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc
      • DPAPI - Extracting Passwords
      • From High Integrity to SYSTEM with Name Pipes
      • Integrity Levels
      • JuicyPotato
      • Leaked Handle Exploitation
      • MSI Wrapper
      • Named Pipe Client Impersonation
      • Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
      • RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato
      • SeDebug + SeImpersonate copy token
      • SeImpersonate from High To System
      • Windows C Payloads
    • Active Directory Methodology
      • Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
        • Shadow Credentials
      • AD Certificates
        • AD CS Account Persistence
        • AD CS Domain Escalation
        • AD CS Domain Persistence
        • AD CS Certificate Theft
      • AD information in printers
      • AD DNS Records
      • ASREPRoast
      • BloodHound & Other AD Enum Tools
      • Constrained Delegation
      • Custom SSP
      • DCShadow
      • DCSync
      • Diamond Ticket
      • DSRM Credentials
      • External Forest Domain - OneWay (Inbound) or bidirectional
      • External Forest Domain - One-Way (Outbound)
      • Golden Ticket
      • Kerberoast
      • Kerberos Authentication
      • Kerberos Double Hop Problem
      • LAPS
      • MSSQL AD Abuse
      • Over Pass the Hash/Pass the Key
      • Pass the Ticket
      • Password Spraying / Brute Force
      • PrintNightmare
      • Force NTLM Privileged Authentication
      • Privileged Groups
      • RDP Sessions Abuse
      • Resource-based Constrained Delegation
      • Security Descriptors
      • SID-History Injection
      • Silver Ticket
      • Skeleton Key
      • Unconstrained Delegation
    • Windows Security Controls
      • UAC - User Account Control
    • NTLM
      • Places to steal NTLM creds
    • Lateral Movement
      • AtExec / SchtasksExec
      • DCOM Exec
      • PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
      • SmbExec/ScExec
      • WinRM
      • WmiExec
    • Pivoting to the Cloud
    • Stealing Windows Credentials
      • Windows Credentials Protections
      • Mimikatz
      • WTS Impersonator
    • Basic Win CMD for Pentesters
    • Basic PowerShell for Pentesters
      • PowerView/SharpView
    • Antivirus (AV) Bypass
  • 📱Mobile Pentesting
    • Android APK Checklist
    • Android Applications Pentesting
      • Android Applications Basics
      • Android Task Hijacking
      • ADB Commands
      • APK decompilers
      • AVD - Android Virtual Device
      • Bypass Biometric Authentication (Android)
      • content:// protocol
      • Drozer Tutorial
        • Exploiting Content Providers
      • Exploiting a debuggeable application
      • Frida Tutorial
        • Frida Tutorial 1
        • Frida Tutorial 2
        • Frida Tutorial 3
        • Objection Tutorial
      • Google CTF 2018 - Shall We Play a Game?
      • Install Burp Certificate
      • Intent Injection
      • Make APK Accept CA Certificate
      • Manual DeObfuscation
      • React Native Application
      • Reversing Native Libraries
      • Smali - Decompiling/[Modifying]/Compiling
      • Spoofing your location in Play Store
      • Tapjacking
      • Webview Attacks
    • iOS Pentesting Checklist
    • iOS Pentesting
      • iOS App Extensions
      • iOS Basics
      • iOS Basic Testing Operations
      • iOS Burp Suite Configuration
      • iOS Custom URI Handlers / Deeplinks / Custom Schemes
      • iOS Extracting Entitlements From Compiled Application
      • iOS Frida Configuration
      • iOS Hooking With Objection
      • iOS Protocol Handlers
      • iOS Serialisation and Encoding
      • iOS Testing Environment
      • iOS UIActivity Sharing
      • iOS Universal Links
      • iOS UIPasteboard
      • iOS WebViews
    • Cordova Apps
    • Xamarin Apps
  • 👽Network Services Pentesting
    • Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol
    • Pentesting Printers
    • Pentesting SAP
    • Pentesting VoIP
      • Basic VoIP Protocols
        • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
    • Pentesting Remote GdbServer
    • 7/tcp/udp - Pentesting Echo
    • 21 - Pentesting FTP
      • FTP Bounce attack - Scan
      • FTP Bounce - Download 2ºFTP file
    • 22 - Pentesting SSH/SFTP
    • 23 - Pentesting Telnet
    • 25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s
      • SMTP Smuggling
      • SMTP - Commands
    • 43 - Pentesting WHOIS
    • 49 - Pentesting TACACS+
    • 53 - Pentesting DNS
    • 69/UDP TFTP/Bittorrent-tracker
    • 79 - Pentesting Finger
    • 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology
      • 403 & 401 Bypasses
      • AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
      • Angular
      • Apache
      • Artifactory Hacking guide
      • Bolt CMS
      • Buckets
        • Firebase Database
      • CGI
      • DotNetNuke (DNN)
      • Drupal
        • Drupal RCE
      • Electron Desktop Apps
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via preload code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via Electron internal code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via IPC
      • Flask
      • NodeJS Express
      • Git
      • Golang
      • GWT - Google Web Toolkit
      • Grafana
      • GraphQL
      • H2 - Java SQL database
      • IIS - Internet Information Services
      • ImageMagick Security
      • JBOSS
      • Jira & Confluence
      • Joomla
      • JSP
      • Laravel
      • Moodle
      • Nginx
      • NextJS
      • PHP Tricks
        • PHP - Useful Functions & disable_functions/open_basedir bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - php-fpm/FastCGI
          • disable_functions bypass - dl function
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 7.0-7.4 (*nix only)
          • disable_functions bypass - Imagick <= 3.3.0 PHP >= 5.4 Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.x Shellshock Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.2.4 ionCube extension Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP <= 5.2.9 on windows
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 PHP cURL
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP safe_mode bypass via proc_open() and custom environment Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP Perl Extension Safe_mode Bypass Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.3 - Win32std ext Protections Bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2 - FOpen Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - via mem
          • disable_functions bypass - mod_cgi
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5 pcntl_exec
        • PHP - RCE abusing object creation: new $_GET["a"]($_GET["b"])
        • PHP SSRF
      • PrestaShop
      • Python
      • Rocket Chat
      • Special HTTP headers
      • Source code Review / SAST Tools
      • Spring Actuators
      • Symfony
      • Tomcat
        • Basic Tomcat Info
      • Uncovering CloudFlare
      • VMWare (ESX, VCenter...)
      • Web API Pentesting
      • WebDav
      • Werkzeug / Flask Debug
      • Wordpress
    • 88tcp/udp - Pentesting Kerberos
      • Harvesting tickets from Windows
      • Harvesting tickets from Linux
    • 110,995 - Pentesting POP
    • 111/TCP/UDP - Pentesting Portmapper
    • 113 - Pentesting Ident
    • 123/udp - Pentesting NTP
    • 135, 593 - Pentesting MSRPC
    • 137,138,139 - Pentesting NetBios
    • 139,445 - Pentesting SMB
      • rpcclient enumeration
    • 143,993 - Pentesting IMAP
    • 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
      • Cisco SNMP
      • SNMP RCE
    • 194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC
    • 264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1
    • 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
    • 500/udp - Pentesting IPsec/IKE VPN
    • 502 - Pentesting Modbus
    • 512 - Pentesting Rexec
    • 513 - Pentesting Rlogin
    • 514 - Pentesting Rsh
    • 515 - Pentesting Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
    • 548 - Pentesting Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
    • 554,8554 - Pentesting RTSP
    • 623/UDP/TCP - IPMI
    • 631 - Internet Printing Protocol(IPP)
    • 700 - Pentesting EPP
    • 873 - Pentesting Rsync
    • 1026 - Pentesting Rusersd
    • 1080 - Pentesting Socks
    • 1098/1099/1050 - Pentesting Java RMI - RMI-IIOP
    • 1414 - Pentesting IBM MQ
    • 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server
      • Types of MSSQL Users
    • 1521,1522-1529 - Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener
    • 1723 - Pentesting PPTP
    • 1883 - Pentesting MQTT (Mosquitto)
    • 2049 - Pentesting NFS Service
    • 2301,2381 - Pentesting Compaq/HP Insight Manager
    • 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker
    • 3128 - Pentesting Squid
    • 3260 - Pentesting ISCSI
    • 3299 - Pentesting SAPRouter
    • 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
    • 3389 - Pentesting RDP
    • 3632 - Pentesting distcc
    • 3690 - Pentesting Subversion (svn server)
    • 3702/UDP - Pentesting WS-Discovery
    • 4369 - Pentesting Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd)
    • 4786 - Cisco Smart Install
    • 4840 - OPC Unified Architecture
    • 5000 - Pentesting Docker Registry
    • 5353/UDP Multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS-SD
    • 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
    • 5439 - Pentesting Redshift
    • 5555 - Android Debug Bridge
    • 5601 - Pentesting Kibana
    • 5671,5672 - Pentesting AMQP
    • 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
    • 5984,6984 - Pentesting CouchDB
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting OMI
    • 6000 - Pentesting X11
    • 6379 - Pentesting Redis
    • 8009 - Pentesting Apache JServ Protocol (AJP)
    • 8086 - Pentesting InfluxDB
    • 8089 - Pentesting Splunkd
    • 8333,18333,38333,18444 - Pentesting Bitcoin
    • 9000 - Pentesting FastCGI
    • 9001 - Pentesting HSQLDB
    • 9042/9160 - Pentesting Cassandra
    • 9100 - Pentesting Raw Printing (JetDirect, AppSocket, PDL-datastream)
    • 9200 - Pentesting Elasticsearch
    • 10000 - Pentesting Network Data Management Protocol (ndmp)
    • 11211 - Pentesting Memcache
      • Memcache Commands
    • 15672 - Pentesting RabbitMQ Management
    • 24007,24008,24009,49152 - Pentesting GlusterFS
    • 27017,27018 - Pentesting MongoDB
    • 44134 - Pentesting Tiller (Helm)
    • 44818/UDP/TCP - Pentesting EthernetIP
    • 47808/udp - Pentesting BACNet
    • 50030,50060,50070,50075,50090 - Pentesting Hadoop
  • 🕸️Pentesting Web
    • Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
    • Reflecting Techniques - PoCs and Polygloths CheatSheet
      • Web Vulns List
    • 2FA/MFA/OTP Bypass
    • Account Takeover
    • Browser Extension Pentesting Methodology
      • BrowExt - ClickJacking
      • BrowExt - permissions & host_permissions
      • BrowExt - XSS Example
    • Bypass Payment Process
    • Captcha Bypass
    • Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception
      • Cache Poisoning via URL discrepancies
      • Cache Poisoning to DoS
    • Clickjacking
    • Client Side Template Injection (CSTI)
    • Client Side Path Traversal
    • Command Injection
    • Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass
      • CSP bypass: self + 'unsafe-inline' with Iframes
    • Cookies Hacking
      • Cookie Tossing
      • Cookie Jar Overflow
      • Cookie Bomb
    • CORS - Misconfigurations & Bypass
    • CRLF (%0D%0A) Injection
    • CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
    • Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection
      • SS-Leaks
    • Dependency Confusion
    • Deserialization
      • NodeJS - __proto__ & prototype Pollution
        • Client Side Prototype Pollution
        • Express Prototype Pollution Gadgets
        • Prototype Pollution to RCE
      • Java JSF ViewState (.faces) Deserialization
      • Java DNS Deserialization, GadgetProbe and Java Deserialization Scanner
      • Basic Java Deserialization (ObjectInputStream, readObject)
      • PHP - Deserialization + Autoload Classes
      • CommonsCollection1 Payload - Java Transformers to Rutime exec() and Thread Sleep
      • Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE knowing the secrets
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE without knowing the secrets
      • Python Yaml Deserialization
      • JNDI - Java Naming and Directory Interface & Log4Shell
      • Ruby Class Pollution
    • Domain/Subdomain takeover
    • Email Injections
    • File Inclusion/Path traversal
      • phar:// deserialization
      • LFI2RCE via PHP Filters
      • LFI2RCE via Nginx temp files
      • LFI2RCE via PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS
      • LFI2RCE via Segmentation Fault
      • LFI2RCE via phpinfo()
      • LFI2RCE Via temp file uploads
      • LFI2RCE via Eternal waiting
      • LFI2RCE Via compress.zlib + PHP_STREAM_PREFER_STUDIO + Path Disclosure
    • File Upload
      • PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass
    • Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection
    • gRPC-Web Pentest
    • HTTP Connection Contamination
    • HTTP Connection Request Smuggling
    • HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack
      • Browser HTTP Request Smuggling
      • Request Smuggling in HTTP/2 Downgrades
    • HTTP Response Smuggling / Desync
    • Upgrade Header Smuggling
    • hop-by-hop headers
    • IDOR
    • JWT Vulnerabilities (Json Web Tokens)
    • LDAP Injection
    • Login Bypass
      • Login bypass List
    • NoSQL injection
    • OAuth to Account takeover
    • Open Redirect
    • ORM Injection
    • Parameter Pollution
    • Phone Number Injections
    • PostMessage Vulnerabilities
      • Blocking main page to steal postmessage
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 1
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 2
      • Steal postmessage modifying iframe location
    • Proxy / WAF Protections Bypass
    • Race Condition
    • Rate Limit Bypass
    • Registration & Takeover Vulnerabilities
    • Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
    • Reset/Forgotten Password Bypass
    • Reverse Tab Nabbing
    • SAML Attacks
      • SAML Basics
    • Server Side Inclusion/Edge Side Inclusion Injection
    • SQL Injection
      • MS Access SQL Injection
      • MSSQL Injection
      • MySQL injection
        • MySQL File priv to SSRF/RCE
      • Oracle injection
      • Cypher Injection (neo4j)
      • PostgreSQL injection
        • dblink/lo_import data exfiltration
        • PL/pgSQL Password Bruteforce
        • Network - Privesc, Port Scanner and NTLM chanllenge response disclosure
        • Big Binary Files Upload (PostgreSQL)
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Languages
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Extensions
      • SQLMap - CheatSheet
        • Second Order Injection - SQLMap
    • SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
      • URL Format Bypass
      • SSRF Vulnerable Platforms
      • Cloud SSRF
    • SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
      • EL - Expression Language
      • Jinja2 SSTI
    • Timing Attacks
    • Unicode Injection
      • Unicode Normalization
    • UUID Insecurities
    • WebSocket Attacks
    • Web Tool - WFuzz
    • XPATH injection
    • XSLT Server Side Injection (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
    • XXE - XEE - XML External Entity
    • XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
      • Abusing Service Workers
      • Chrome Cache to XSS
      • Debugging Client Side JS
      • Dom Clobbering
      • DOM Invader
      • DOM XSS
      • Iframes in XSS, CSP and SOP
      • Integer Overflow
      • JS Hoisting
      • Misc JS Tricks & Relevant Info
      • PDF Injection
      • Server Side XSS (Dynamic PDF)
      • Shadow DOM
      • SOME - Same Origin Method Execution
      • Sniff Leak
      • Steal Info JS
      • XSS in Markdown
    • XSSI (Cross-Site Script Inclusion)
    • XS-Search/XS-Leaks
      • Connection Pool Examples
      • Connection Pool by Destination Example
      • Cookie Bomb + Onerror XS Leak
      • URL Max Length - Client Side
      • performance.now example
      • performance.now + Force heavy task
      • Event Loop Blocking + Lazy images
      • JavaScript Execution XS Leak
      • CSS Injection
        • CSS Injection Code
    • Iframe Traps
  • ⛈️Cloud Security
    • Pentesting Kubernetes
    • Pentesting Cloud (AWS, GCP, Az...)
    • Pentesting CI/CD (Github, Jenkins, Terraform...)
  • 😎Hardware/Physical Access
    • Physical Attacks
    • Escaping from KIOSKs
    • Firmware Analysis
      • Bootloader testing
      • Firmware Integrity
  • 🎯Binary Exploitation
    • Basic Stack Binary Exploitation Methodology
      • ELF Basic Information
      • Exploiting Tools
        • PwnTools
    • Stack Overflow
      • Pointer Redirecting
      • Ret2win
        • Ret2win - arm64
      • Stack Shellcode
        • Stack Shellcode - arm64
      • Stack Pivoting - EBP2Ret - EBP chaining
      • Uninitialized Variables
    • ROP - Return Oriented Programing
      • BROP - Blind Return Oriented Programming
      • Ret2csu
      • Ret2dlresolve
      • Ret2esp / Ret2reg
      • Ret2lib
        • Leaking libc address with ROP
          • Leaking libc - template
        • One Gadget
        • Ret2lib + Printf leak - arm64
      • Ret2syscall
        • Ret2syscall - ARM64
      • Ret2vDSO
      • SROP - Sigreturn-Oriented Programming
        • SROP - ARM64
    • Array Indexing
    • Integer Overflow
    • Format Strings
      • Format Strings - Arbitrary Read Example
      • Format Strings Template
    • Libc Heap
      • Bins & Memory Allocations
      • Heap Memory Functions
        • free
        • malloc & sysmalloc
        • unlink
        • Heap Functions Security Checks
      • Use After Free
        • First Fit
      • Double Free
      • Overwriting a freed chunk
      • Heap Overflow
      • Unlink Attack
      • Fast Bin Attack
      • Unsorted Bin Attack
      • Large Bin Attack
      • Tcache Bin Attack
      • Off by one overflow
      • House of Spirit
      • House of Lore | Small bin Attack
      • House of Einherjar
      • House of Force
      • House of Orange
      • House of Rabbit
      • House of Roman
    • Common Binary Exploitation Protections & Bypasses
      • ASLR
        • Ret2plt
        • Ret2ret & Reo2pop
      • CET & Shadow Stack
      • Libc Protections
      • Memory Tagging Extension (MTE)
      • No-exec / NX
      • PIE
        • BF Addresses in the Stack
      • Relro
      • Stack Canaries
        • BF Forked & Threaded Stack Canaries
        • Print Stack Canary
    • Write What Where 2 Exec
      • WWW2Exec - atexit()
      • WWW2Exec - .dtors & .fini_array
      • WWW2Exec - GOT/PLT
      • WWW2Exec - __malloc_hook & __free_hook
    • Common Exploiting Problems
    • Windows Exploiting (Basic Guide - OSCP lvl)
    • iOS Exploiting
  • 🔩Reversing
    • Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
      • Angr
        • Angr - Examples
      • Z3 - Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)
      • Cheat Engine
      • Blobrunner
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  • Parameters
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  1. Generic Methodologies & Resources
  2. Pentesting Network

Nmap Summary (ESP)

PreviousNetwork Protocols Explained (ESP)NextPentesting IPv6

Last updated 7 months ago

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nmap -sV -sC -O -n -oA nmapscan 192.168.0.1/24

Parameters

IPs to scan

  • <ip>,<net/mask>: Indicate the ips directly

  • -iL <ips_file>: list_IPs

  • -iR <number>: Number of random Ips, you can exclude possible Ips with --exclude <Ips> or --excludefile <file>.

Equipment discovery

By default Nmap launches a discovery phase consisting of: -PA80 -PS443 -PE -PP

  • -sL: It is not invasive, it lists the targets making DNS requests to resolve names. It is useful to know if for example www.prueba.es/24 all Ips are our targets.

  • -Pn: No ping. This is useful if you know that all of them are active (if not, you could lose a lot of time, but this option also produces false negatives saying that they are not active), it prevents the discovery phase.

  • -sn : No port scan. After completing the reconnaissance phase, it does not scan ports. It is relatively stealthy, and allows a small network scan. With privileges it sends an ACK (-PA) to 80, a SYN(-PS) to 443 and an echo request and a Timestamp request, without privileges it always completes connections. If the target is the network, it only uses ARP(-PR). If used with another option, only the packets of the other option are dropped.

  • -PR: Ping ARP. It is used by default when analyzing computers in our network, it is faster than using pings. If you do not want to use ARP packets use --send-ip.

  • -PS <ports>: It sends SYN packets to which if it answers SYN/ACK it is open (to which it answers with RST so as not to end the connection), if it answers RST it is closed and if it does not answer it is unreachable. In case of not having privileges, a total connection is automatically used. If no ports are given, it throws it to 80.

  • -PA <ports>: Like the previous one but with ACK, combining both of them gives better results.

  • -PU <ports>: The objective is the opposite, they are sent to ports that are expected to be closed. Some firewalls only check TCP connections. If it is closed it is answered with port unreachable, if it is answered with another icmp or not answered it is left as destination unreachable.

  • -PE, -PP, -PM : ICMP PINGS: echo replay, timestamp and addresmask. They are launched to find out if the target is active.

  • -PY<ports>: Sends SCTP INIT probes to 80 by default, INIT-ACK(open) or ABORT(closed) or nothing or ICMP unreachable(inactive) can be replied.

  • -PO <protocols>: A protocol is indicated in the headers, by default 1(ICMP), 2(IGMP) and 4(Encap IP). For ICMP, IGMP, TCP (6) and UDP (17) protocols the protocol headers are sent, for the rest only the IP header is sent. The purpose of this is that due to the malformation of the headers, Protocol unreachable or responses of the same protocol are answered to know if it is up.

  • -n: No DNS

  • -R: DNS always

Port scanning techniques

  • -sS: Does not complete the connection so it leaves no trace, very good if it can be used.(privileges) It is the one used by default.

  • -sT: Completes the connection, so it does leave a trace, but it can be used for sure. By default without privileges.

  • -sU: Slower, for UDP. Mostly: DNS(53), SNMP(161,162), DHCP(67 and 68), (-sU53,161,162,67,68): open(reply), closed(port unreachable), filtered (another ICMP), open/filtered (nothing). In case of open/filtered, -sV sends numerous requests to detect any of the versions that nmap supports and can detect the true state. It increases a lot the time.

  • -sY: SCTP protocol fails to establish the connection, so there are no logs, works like -PY

  • -sN,-sX,-sF: Null, Fin, Xmas, they can penetrate some firewalls and extract information. They are based on the fact that standard compliant machines should respond with RST all requests that do not have SYN, RST or ACK lags raised: open/filtered(nothing), closed(RST), filtered (ICMP unreachable). Unreliable on WIndows, CIsco, BSDI and OS/400. On unix yes.

  • -sM: Maimon scan: Sends FIN and ACK flags, used for BSD, currently will return all as closed.

  • -sA, sW: ACK and Window, is used to detect firewalls, to know if the ports are filtered or not. The -sW does distinguish between open/closed since the open ones respond with a different window value: open (RST with window other than 0), closed (RST window = 0), filtered (ICMP unreachable or nothing). Not all computers work this way, so if it is all closed, it is not working, if it is a few open, it is working fine, and if it is many open and few closed, it is working the other way around.

  • -sI: Idle scan. For the cases in which there is an active firewall but we know that it does not filter to a certain Ip (or when we simply want anonymity) we can use the zombie scanner (it works for all the ports), to look for possible zombies we can use the scrpit ipidseq or the exploit auxiliary/scanner/ip/ipidseq. This scanner is based on the IPID number of the IP packets.

  • --badsum: It sends the sum wrong, the computers would discard the packets, but the firewalls could answer something, it is used to detect firewalls.

  • -sZ: "Weird" SCTP scanner, when sending probes with cookie echo fragments they should be dropped if open or responded with ABORT if closed. It can pass through firewalls that init does not pass through, the bad thing is that it does not distinguish between filtered and open.

  • -sO: Protocol Ip scan. Sends bad and empty headers in which sometimes not even the protocol can be distinguished. If ICMP unreachable protocol arrives it is closed, if unreachable port arrives it is open, if another error arrives, filtered, if nothing arrives, open|filtered.

  • -b <server>: FTPhost--> It is used to scan a host from another one, this is done by connecting the ftp of another machine and asking it to send files to the ports that you want to scan from another machine, according to the answers we will know if they are open or not. [<user>:<password>@]<server>[:<port>] Almost all ftps servers no longer let you do this and therefore it is of little practical use.

Centrar análisis

-p: Sirve para dar los puertos a escanear. Para seleccionar los 65335: -p- o -p all. Nmap tiene una clasificaación interna según su popularidad. Por defecto usa los 1000 ppales. Con -F (fast scan) analiza los 100 ppales. Con --top-ports <numero> Analiza ese numero de ppales (de 1 hasta los 65335). Comprueba los puertos en orden aleatorio, para que eso no pase -r. También podemos seleccionar puertos: 20-30,80,443,1024- Esto ultimo significa que mire en adelante del 1024. También podemos agrupar los puertos por protocolos: U:53,T:21-25,80,139,S:9. También podemos escoger un rango dentro de los puertos populares de nmap: -p [-1024] analiza hasta el 1024 de los incluidos en nmap-services. --port-ratio <ratio> Analiza los puertos más comúnes que un ratio que debe estar entre 0 y 1

-sV Escaneado de versión, se puede regular la intensidad de 0 a 9, por defecto 7.

--version-intensity <numero> Regulamos la intensidad, de forma que cuanto más bajo solo lanzará las sondas más probables, pero no todas. Con esto podemos acortar considerablemente el tiempo de escaneo UDP

-O Deteccion de os

--osscan-limit Para escanear bien un host se necesita que al menos haya 1 puerto abierto y otro cerrado, si no se da esta condición y hemos puesto esto, no intenta hacer predicción de os (ahorra tiempo)

--osscan-guess Cuando la detección de os no es perfecta esto hace que se esfuerce más

Scripts

--script <filename>|<category>|<directory>|<expression>[,...]

Para usar los de por efecto vale con -sC o --script=default

Los tipos que hay son de: auth, broadcast, default, discovery, dos, exploit, external, fuzzer, intrusive, malware, safe, version, and vuln

  • Auth: ejecuta todos sus scripts disponibles para autenticación

  • Default: ejecuta los scripts básicos por defecto de la herramienta

  • Discovery: recupera información del target o víctima

  • External: script para utilizar recursos externos

  • Intrusive: utiliza scripts que son considerados intrusivos para la víctima o target

  • Malware: revisa si hay conexiones abiertas por códigos maliciosos o backdoors (puertas traseras)

  • Safe: ejecuta scripts que no son intrusivos

  • Vuln: descubre las vulnerabilidades más conocidas

  • All: ejecuta absolutamente todos los scripts con extensión NSE disponibles

Para buscar scripts:

nmap --script-help="http-*" -> Los que empiecen por http-

nmap --script-help="not intrusive" -> Todos menos esos

nmap --script-help="default or safe" -> Los que estan en uno o en otro o en ambos

nmap --script-help="default and safe" --> Los que estan en ambos

nmap --script-help="(default or safe or intrusive) and not http-*"

--script-args <n1>=<v1>,<n2>={<n3>=<v3>},<n4>={<v4>,<v5>}

--script-args-file <filename>

--script-help <filename>|<category>|<directory>|<expression>|all[,...]

--script-trace ---> Da info de como va elscript

--script-updatedb

Para usar un script solo hay que poner: namp --script Nombre_del_script objetivo --> Al poner el script se ejecutará tanto el script como el escaner, asi que tambien se pueden poner opciones del escaner, podemos añadir “safe=1” para que se ejecuten solo los que sean seguros.

Control tiempo

Nmap puede modificar el tiempo en segundos, minutos, ms: --host-timeout arguments 900000ms, 900, 900s, and 15m all do the same thing.

Nmap divide el numero total de host a escanear en grupos y analiza esos grupos en bloques de forma que hasta que no han sido analizados todos, no pasa al siguiente bloque (y el usuario tampoco recibe ninguna actualización hasta que se haya analizado el bloque) de esta forma, es más óptimo para nmap usar grupos grandes. Por defecto en clase C usa 256.

Se puede cambiar con**--min-hostgroup** <numhosts>; --max-hostgroup <numhosts> (Adjust parallel scan group sizes)

Se puede controlar el numero de escaners en paralelo pero es mejor que no (nmpa ya incorpora control automatico en base al estado de la red): --min-parallelism <numprobes>; --max-parallelism <numprobes>

Podemos modificar el rtt timeout, pero no suele ser necesario: --min-rtt-timeout <time>, --max-rtt-timeout <time>, --initial-rtt-timeout <time>

Podemos modificar el numero de intentos:--max-retries <numtries>

Podemos modificar el tiempo de escaneado de un host: --host-timeout <time>

Podemos modificar el tiempo entre cada prueba para que vaya despacio: --scan-delay <time>; --max-scan-delay <time>

Podemos modificar el numero de paquetes por segundo: --min-rate <number>; --max-rate <number>

Muchos puertos tardan mucho en responder al estar filtrados o cerrados, si solo nos interesan los abiertos, podemos ir más rápido con: --defeat-rst-ratelimit

Para definir lo agresivo que queremos que sea nmap: -T paranoid|sneaky|polite|normal|aggressive|insane

-T (0-1)

-T0 --> Solo se escanea 1 puerto a la vez y se espera 5min hasta el siguiente

-T1 y T2 --> Muy parecidos pero solo esperan 15 y 0,4seg respectivamente enttre cada prueba

-T3 --> Funcionamiento por defecto, incluye en paralelo

-T4 --> --max-rtt-timeout 1250ms --min-rtt-timeout 100ms --initial-rtt-timeout 500ms --max-retries 6 --max-scan-delay 10ms

-T5 --> --max-rtt-timeout 300ms --min-rtt-timeout 50ms --initial-rtt-timeout 250ms --max-retries 2 --host-timeout 15m --max-scan-delay 5ms

Firewall/IDS

No dejan pasar a puertos y analizan paquetes.

-f Para fragmentar paquetes, por defecto los fragmenta en 8bytes después de la cabecera, para especificar ese tamaño usamos ..mtu (con esto, no usar -f), el offset debe ser multiplo de 8. Escaners de version y scripts no soportan la fragmentacion

-D decoy1,decoy2,ME Nmap envia escaneres pero con otras direcciones IPs como origen, de esta forma te esconden a ti. Si pones el ME en la lista, nmap te situara ahi, mejor poner 5 o 6 antes de ti para que te enmascaren completamente. Se pueden generar iPs aleatorias con RND:<numero> Para generar <numero> de Ips aleatorias. No funcionan con detector de versiones sin conexion de TCP. Si estas dentro de una red, te interesa usar Ips que esten activas, pues sino será muy facil averiguar que tu eres la unica activa.

Para usar Ips aleatorias: nmap-D RND: 10 Ip_objetivo

-S IP Para cuando Nmap no pilla tu dirección Ip se la tienes que dar con eso. También sirve para hacer pensar que hay otro objetivo escaneandoles.

-e <interface> Para elegir la interfaz

Muchos administradores dejan puertos de entrada abiertos para que todo funcione correctamente y les es más fácil que buscar otra solución. Estos pueden ser los puertos DNS o los de FTP... para busca esta vulnerabilidad nmap incorpora: --source-port <portnumber>;-g <portnumber> Son equivalentes

--data <hex string> Para enviar texto hexadecimal: --data 0xdeadbeef and --data \xCA\xFE\x09

--data-string <string> Para enviar un texto normal: --data-string "Scan conducted by Security Ops, extension 7192"

--data-length <number> Nmap envía solo cabeceras, con esto logramos que añada a estar un numero de bytes mas (que se generaran aleatoriamente)

Para configurar el paquete IP completamente usar --ip-options

--ttl <value>

--randomize-hosts Para que el ataque sea menos obvio

--spoof-mac <MAC address, prefix, or vendor name> Para cambiar la mac ejemplos: Apple, 0, 01:02:03:04:05:06, deadbeefcafe, 0020F2, and Cisco

--proxies <Comma-separated list of proxy URLs> Para usar proxies, a veces un proxy no mantiene tantas conexiones abiertas como nmap quiere por lo que habria que modificar el paralelismo: --max-parallelism

-sP Para descubrir host en la red en la que estamos por ARP

Muchos administradores crean una regla en el firewall que permite pasar todos los paquetes que provienen de un puerto en particular (como el 20,53 y 67), podemos decire a nmap que mande nuestros paquetes desde esos puertos: nmap --source-port 53 Ip

Salidas

-oN file Salida normal

-oX file Salida XML

-oS file Salida de script kidies

-oG file Salida grepable

-oA file Todos menos -oS

-v level verbosity

-d level debugin

--reason Porqué del host y estado

--stats-every time Cada ese tiempo nos dice como va

--packet-trace Para ver que paquetes salen se pueden especificar filtros como: --version-trace o --script-trace

--open muestra los abiertos, abiertos|filtrados y los no filtrados

--resume file Saca un resumen

Miscelanea

-6 Permite ipv6

-A es lo mismo que -O -sV -sC --traceroute

Run time

Mientras corre nmap podemos cambiar opciones:

v / V Increase / decrease the verbosity level

d / D Increase / decrease the debugging Level

p / P Turn on / off packet tracing

? Print a runtime interaction help screen

Vulscan

Script de nmap que mira las versiones de los servicios obtenidos en una base de datos offline (que descarga de otras muy importantes) y devuelve las posibles vulnerabilidades

Las BD que usa son:

Para descargarlo e instalarlo en la carpeta de Nmap:

wget http://www.computec.ch/projekte/vulscan/download/nmap_nse_vulscan-2.0.tar.gz && tar -czvf nmap_nse_vulscan-2.0.tar.gz vulscan/ && sudo cp -r vulscan/ /usr/share/nmap/scripts/

También habría que descargar los paquetes de las BD y añadirlos a /usr/share/nmap/scripts/vulscan/

Uso:

Para usar todos: sudo nmap -sV --script=vulscan HOST_A_ESCANEAR

Para usar una BD específica: sudo nmap -sV --script=vulscan --script-args vulscandb=cve.csv HOST_A_ESCANEAR

Speed Up Nmap Service scan x16

Support HackTricks

If you wish to see the options in packets sent and received, specify --packet-trace. For more information and examples of using IP options with Nmap, see .

Scipvuldb.csv |

Cve.csv |

Osvdb.csv |

Securityfocus.csv |

Securitytracker.csv |

Xforce.csv |

Exploitdb.csv |

Openvas.csv |

According you can speed up the nmap service analysis by modifying all the totalwaitms values in /usr/share/nmap/nmap-service-probes to 300 and tcpwrappedms to 200.

Moreover, probes which do not have a specifically defined servicewaitms use a default value of 5000. Therefore, we can either add values to each of the probes, or we can compile nmap ourselves and change the default value in .

If you don't want to change the values of totalwaitms and tcpwrappedms at all in the /usr/share/nmap/nmap-service-probes file, you can edit the such that these values in the nmap-service-probes file are completely ignored.

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🤩
http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2006/q3/52
http://www.scip.ch/en/?vuldb
http://cve.mitre.org
http://www.osvdb.org
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/
http://www.securitytracker.com
http://xforce.iss.net
http://www.exploit-db.com
http://www.openvas.org
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