Angr - Examples

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If the program is using scanf to get several values at once from stdin you need to generate a state that starts after the scanf.

Codes taken from https://github.com/jakespringer/angr_ctf

Input to reach address (indicating the address)

import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]  # :string
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  # Start in main()
  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()
  # Start simulation
  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  # Find the way yo reach the good address
  good_address = 0x804867d
  
  # Avoiding this address
  avoid_address = 0x080485A8
  simulation.explore(find=good_address, avoid=avoid_address)

  # If found a way to reach the address
  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    # Print the string that Angr wrote to stdin to follow solution_state
    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Input to reach address (indicating prints)

# If you don't know the address you want to recah, but you know it's printing something
# You can also indicate that info

import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()
  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    #Successful print
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return b'Good Job.' in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    #Avoid this print
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return b'Try again.' in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]
    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Registry values

# Angr doesn't currently support reading multiple things with scanf (Ex: 
# scanf("%u %u).) You will have to tell the simulation engine to begin the
# program after scanf is called and manually inject the symbols into registers.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  # Address were you want to indicate the relation BitVector - registries
  start_address = 0x80488d1
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)


  # Create Bit Vectors
  password0_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', password0_size_in_bits)

  password1_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', password1_size_in_bits)

  password2_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
  password2 = claripy.BVS('password2', password2_size_in_bits)

  # Relate it Vectors with the registriy values you are interested in to reach an address
  initial_state.regs.eax = password0
  initial_state.regs.ebx = password1
  initial_state.regs.edx = password2

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0)
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1)
    solution2 = solution_state.solver.eval(password2)

    # Aggregate and format the solutions you computed above, and then print
    # the full string. Pay attention to the order of the integers, and the
    # expected base (decimal, octal, hexadecimal, etc).
    solution = ' '.join(map('{:x}'.format, [ solution0, solution1, solution2 ]))  # :string
    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Stack values

# Put bit vectors in th stack to find out the vallue that stack position need to 
# have to reach a rogram flow

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  # Go to some address after the scanf where values have already being set in the stack
  start_address = 0x8048697
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # Since we are starting after scanf, we are skipping this stack construction
  # step. To make up for this, we need to construct the stack ourselves. Let us
  # start by initializing ebp in the exact same way the program does.
  initial_state.regs.ebp = initial_state.regs.esp

  # In this case scanf("%u %u") is used, so 2 BVS are going to be needed
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 32)
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', 32)

  # Now, in the address were you have stopped, check were are the scanf values saved
  # Then, substrack form the esp registry the needing padding to get to the
  # part of the stack were the scanf values are being saved and push the BVS
  # (see the image below to understan this -8)
  padding_length_in_bytes = 8  # :integer
  initial_state.regs.esp -= padding_length_in_bytes

  initial_state.stack_push(password0)
  initial_state.stack_push(password1)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0)
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1)

    solution = ' '.join(map(str, [ solution0, solution1 ]))
    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

In this scenario, the input was taken with scanf("%u %u") and the value "1 1" was given, so the values 0x00000001 of the stack come from the user input. You can see how this values starts in $ebp - 8. Therefore, in the code we have subtracted 8 bytes to $esp (as in that moment $ebp and $esp had the same value) and then we have pushed the BVS.

Static Memory values (Global variables)

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  
  #Get an address after the scanf. Once the input has already being saved in the memory positions
  start_address = 0x8048606
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # The binary is calling scanf("%8s %8s %8s %8s").
  # So we need 4 BVS of size 8*8
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', 8*8)
  password2 = claripy.BVS('password2', 8*8)
  password3 = claripy.BVS('password3', 8*8)

  # Write the symbolic BVS in the memory positions
  password0_address = 0xa29faa0
  initial_state.memory.store(password0_address, password0)
  password1_address = 0xa29faa8
  initial_state.memory.store(password1_address, password1)
  password2_address = 0xa29fab0
  initial_state.memory.store(password2_address, password2)
  password3_address = 0xa29fab8
  initial_state.memory.store(password3_address, password3)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    # Get the values the memory addresses should store
    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution2 = solution_state.solver.eval(password2,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution3 = solution_state.solver.eval(password3,cast_to=bytes).decode()

    solution = ' '.join([ solution0, solution1, solution2, solution3 ])

    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Dynamic Memory Values (Malloc)

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  
  # Get address after scanf
  start_address = 0x804869e
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # The binary is calling scanf("%8s %8s") so 2 BVS are needed.
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
  
  # Find a coupble of addresses that aren't used by the binary (like 0x4444444 & 0x4444454)
  # The address generated by mallosc is going to be saved in some address
  # Then, make that address point to the fake heap addresses were the BVS are going to be saved
  fake_heap_address0 = 0x4444444
  pointer_to_malloc_memory_address0 = 0xa79a118
  initial_state.memory.store(pointer_to_malloc_memory_address0, fake_heap_address0, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)
  fake_heap_address1 = 0x4444454
  pointer_to_malloc_memory_address1 = 0xa79a120
  initial_state.memory.store(pointer_to_malloc_memory_address1, fake_heap_address1, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)

  # Save the VBS in the new fake heap addresses created
  initial_state.memory.store(fake_heap_address0, password0)
  initial_state.memory.store(fake_heap_address1, password1)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1,cast_to=bytes).decode()

    solution = ' '.join([ solution0, solution1 ])

    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

File Simulation

#In this challenge a password is read from a file and we want to simulate its content

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  
  # Get an address just before opening the file with th simbolic content
  # Or at least when the file is not going to suffer more changes before being read
  start_address = 0x80488db
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # Specify the filena that is going to open
  # Note that in theory, the filename could be symbolic.
  filename = 'WCEXPXBW.txt'
  symbolic_file_size_bytes = 64

  # Create a BV which is going to be the content of the simbolic file
  password = claripy.BVS('password', symbolic_file_size_bytes * 8)

  # Create the file simulation with the simbolic content
  password_file = angr.storage.SimFile(filename, content=password)
  
  # Add the symbolic file we created to the symbolic filesystem.
  initial_state.fs.insert(filename, password_file)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution = solution_state.solver.eval(password,cast_to=bytes).decode()

    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Note that the symbolic file could also contain constant data merged with symbolic data:

  # Hello world, my name is John.
  # ^                       ^
  # ^ address 0             ^ address 24 (count the number of characters)
  # In order to represent this in memory, we would want to write the string to
  # the beginning of the file:
  #
  # hello_txt_contents = claripy.BVV('Hello world, my name is John.', 30*8)
  #
  # Perhaps, then, we would want to replace John with a
  # symbolic variable. We would call:
  #
  # name_bitvector = claripy.BVS('symbolic_name', 4*8)
  #
  # Then, after the program calls fopen('hello.txt', 'r') and then
  # fread(buffer, sizeof(char), 30, hello_txt_file), the buffer would contain
  # the string from the file, except four symbolic bytes where the name would be
  # stored.
  # (!)

Applying Constrains

Sometimes simple human operations like compare 2 words of length 16 char by char (loop), cost a lot to a angr because it needs to generate branches exponentially because it generates 1 branch per if: 2^16 Therefore, it's easier to ask angr get to a previous point (where the real difficult part was already done) and set those constrains manually.

# After perform some complex poperations to the input the program checks
# char by char the password against another password saved, like in the snippet:
#
# #define REFERENCE_PASSWORD = "AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH";
# int check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH(char* to_check, size_t length) {
#   uint32_t num_correct = 0;
#   for (int i=0; i<length; ++i) {
#     if (to_check[i] == REFERENCE_PASSWORD[i]) {
#       num_correct += 1;
#     }
#   }
#   return num_correct == length;
# }
#
# ...
# 
# char* input = user_input();
# char* encrypted_input = complex_function(input);
# if (check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH(encrypted_input, 16)) {
#   puts("Good Job.");
# } else {
#   puts("Try again.");
# }
#
# The function checks if *to_check == "AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH". This is very RAM consumming 
# as the computer needs to branch every time the if statement in the loop was called (16 
# times), resulting in 2^16 = 65,536 branches, which will take too long of a 
# time to evaluate for our needs.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  # Get an address to check after the complex function and before the "easy compare" operation
  address_to_check_constraint = 0x8048671
  simulation.explore(find=address_to_check_constraint)


  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    # Find were the input that is going to be compared is saved in memory
    constrained_parameter_address = 0x804a050
    constrained_parameter_size_bytes = 16
    # Set the bitvector
    constrained_parameter_bitvector = solution_state.memory.load(
      constrained_parameter_address,
      constrained_parameter_size_bytes
    )

    # Indicate angr that this BV at this point needs to be equal to the password
    constrained_parameter_desired_value = 'BWYRUBQCMVSBRGFU'.encode()
    solution_state.add_constraints(constrained_parameter_bitvector == constrained_parameter_desired_value)

    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

In some scenarios you can activate veritesting, which will merge similar status, in order to save useless branches and find the solution: simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state, veritesting=True)

Another thing you can do in these scenarios is to hook the function giving angr something it can understand more easily.

Simulation Managers

Some simulation managers can be more useful than others. In the previous example there was a problem as a lot of useful branches were created. Here, the veritesting technique will merge those and will find a solution. This simulation manager can also be activated with: simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state, veritesting=True)

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)
  # Set simulation technique
  simulation.use_technique(angr.exploration_techniques.Veritesting())


  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())

    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]
    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')


if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Hooking/Bypassing one call to a function

# This level performs the following computations:
#
# 1. Get 16 bytes of user input and encrypt it.
# 2. Save the result of check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH (or similar)
# 3. Get another 16 bytes from the user and encrypt it.
# 4. Check that it's equal to a predefined password.
#
# The ONLY part of this program that we have to worry about is #2. We will be
# replacing the call to check_equals_ with our own version, using a hook, since
# check_equals_ will run too slowly otherwise.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

  # Hook the address of the call to hook indicating th length of the instruction (of the call)
  check_equals_called_address = 0x80486b8
  instruction_to_skip_length = 5
  @project.hook(check_equals_called_address, length=instruction_to_skip_length)
  def skip_check_equals_(state):
    #Load the input of the function reading direcly the memory
    user_input_buffer_address = 0x804a054
    user_input_buffer_length = 16
    user_input_string = state.memory.load(
      user_input_buffer_address,
      user_input_buffer_length
    )
    
    # Create a simbolic IF that if the loaded string frommemory is the expected
    # return True (1) if not returns False (0) in eax
    check_against_string = 'XKSPZSJKJYQCQXZV'.encode() # :string

    state.regs.eax = claripy.If(
      user_input_string == check_against_string, 
      claripy.BVV(1, 32), 
      claripy.BVV(0, 32)
    )

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]
    solution = solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()).decode()
    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Hooking a function / Simprocedure

# Hook to the function called check_equals_WQNDNKKWAWOLXBAC

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

  # Define a class and a tun method to hook completelly a function
  class ReplacementCheckEquals(angr.SimProcedure):
    # This C code:
    #
    # int add_if_positive(int a, int b) {
    #   if (a >= 0 && b >= 0) return a + b;
    #   else return 0;
    # }
    #
    # could be simulated with python:
    #
    # class ReplacementAddIfPositive(angr.SimProcedure):
    #   def run(self, a, b):
    #     if a >= 0 and b >=0:
    #       return a + b
    #     else:
    #       return 0
    #
    # run(...) receives the params of the hooked function
    def run(self, to_check, length):
      user_input_buffer_address = to_check
      user_input_buffer_length = length
      
      # Read the data from the memory address given to the function
      user_input_string = self.state.memory.load(
        user_input_buffer_address,
        user_input_buffer_length
      )

      check_against_string = 'WQNDNKKWAWOLXBAC'.encode()
      
      # Return 1 if equals to the string, 0 otherways
      return claripy.If(
        user_input_string == check_against_string,
        claripy.BVV(1, 32),
        claripy.BVV(0, 32)
      )


  # Hook the check_equals symbol. Angr automatically looks up the address 
  # associated with the symbol. Alternatively, you can use 'hook' instead
  # of 'hook_symbol' and specify the address of the function. To find the 
  # correct symbol, disassemble the binary.
  # (!)
  check_equals_symbol = 'check_equals_WQNDNKKWAWOLXBAC' # :string
  project.hook_symbol(check_equals_symbol, ReplacementCheckEquals())

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution = solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()).decode()
    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Simulate scanf with several params

# This time, the solution involves simply replacing scanf with our own version,
# since Angr does not support requesting multiple parameters with scanf.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

  class ReplacementScanf(angr.SimProcedure):
    # The code uses: 'scanf("%u %u", ...)'
    def run(self, format_string, param0, param1):
      scanf0 = claripy.BVS('scanf0', 32)
      scanf1 = claripy.BVS('scanf1', 32)

      # Get the addresses from the params and store the BVS in memory
      scanf0_address = param0
      self.state.memory.store(scanf0_address, scanf0, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)
      scanf1_address = param1
      self.state.memory.store(scanf1_address, scanf1, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)

      # Now, we want to 'set aside' references to our symbolic values in the
      # globals plugin included by default with a state. You will need to
      # store multiple bitvectors. You can either use a list, tuple, or multiple
      # keys to reference the different bitvectors.
      self.state.globals['solutions'] = (scanf0, scanf1)

  scanf_symbol = '__isoc99_scanf'
  project.hook_symbol(scanf_symbol, ReplacementScanf())

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    # Grab whatever you set aside in the globals dict.
    stored_solutions = solution_state.globals['solutions']
    solution = ' '.join(map(str, map(solution_state.solver.eval, stored_solutions)))

    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

Static Binaries

# This challenge is the exact same as the first challenge, except that it was
# compiled as a static binary. Normally, Angr automatically replaces standard
# library functions with SimProcedures that work much more quickly.
#
# To solve the challenge, manually hook any standard library c functions that
# are used. Then, ensure that you begin the execution at the beginning of the
# main function. Do not use entry_state.
# 
# Here are a few SimProcedures Angr has already written for you. They implement
# standard library functions. You will not need all of them:
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['malloc']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['fopen']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['fclose']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['fwrite']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['getchar']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['strncmp']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['strcmp']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['scanf']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['printf']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['puts']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['exit']
#
# As a reminder, you can hook functions with something similar to:
# project.hook(malloc_address, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['malloc']())
#
# There are many more, see:
# https://github.com/angr/angr/tree/master/angr/procedures/libc

import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()
  
  #Find the addresses were the lib functions are loaded in the binary
  #For example you could find: call   0x804ed80 <__isoc99_scanf>
  project.hook(0x804ed40, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['printf']())
  project.hook(0x804ed80, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['scanf']())
  project.hook(0x804f350, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['puts']())
  project.hook(0x8048d10, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['glibc']['__libc_start_main']())

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)
  
  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]
    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()).decode())
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

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