> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/binary-exploitation/integer-overflow.md).

# Integer Overflow

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## Basic Information

At the heart of an **integer overflow** is the limitation imposed by the **size** of data types in computer programming and the **interpretation** of the data.

For example, an **8-bit unsigned integer** can represent values from **0 to 255**. If you attempt to store the value 256 in an 8-bit unsigned integer, it wraps around to 0 due to the limitation of its storage capacity. Similarly, for a **16-bit unsigned integer**, which can hold values from **0 to 65,535**, adding 1 to 65,535 will wrap the value back to 0.

Moreover, an **8-bit signed integer** can represent values from **-128 to 127**. This is because one bit is used to represent the sign (positive or negative), leaving 7 bits to represent the magnitude. The most negative number is represented as **-128** (binary `10000000`), and the most positive number is **127** (binary `01111111`).

### Max values

For potential **web vulnerabilities** it's very interesting to know the maximum supported values:

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Rust" %}

```rust
fn main() {

    let mut quantity = 2147483647;
    
    let (mul_result, _) = i32::overflowing_mul(32767, quantity);
    let (add_result, _) = i32::overflowing_add(1, quantity);
    
    println!("{}", mul_result);
    println!("{}", add_result);
}
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="C" %}

```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>

int main() {
    int a = INT_MAX;
    int b = 0;
    int c = 0;
    
    b = a * 100;
    c = a + 1;
    
    printf("%d\n", INT_MAX);
    printf("%d\n", b);
    printf("%d\n", c);
    return 0;
}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## Examples

### Pure overflow

The printed result will be 0 as we overflowed the char:

```c
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    unsigned char max = 255; // 8-bit unsigned integer
    unsigned char result = max + 1;
    printf("Result: %d\n", result); // Expected to overflow
    return 0;
}
```

### Signed to Unsigned Conversion

Consider a situation where a signed integer is read from user input and then used in a context that treats it as an unsigned integer, without proper validation:

```c
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int userInput; // Signed integer
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%d", &userInput);

    // Treating the signed input as unsigned without validation
    unsigned int processedInput = (unsigned int)userInput;

    // A condition that might not work as intended if userInput is negative
    if (processedInput > 1000) {
        printf("Processed Input is large: %u\n", processedInput);
    } else {
        printf("Processed Input is within range: %u\n", processedInput);
    }

    return 0;
}
```

In this example, if a user inputs a negative number, it will be interpreted as a large unsigned integer due to the way binary values are interpreted, potentially leading to unexpected behavior.

### Other Examples

* <https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer_exploitation/int_overflow_post/index.html>
  * Only 1B is used to store the size of the password so it's possible to overflow it and make it think it's length of 4 while it actually is 260 to bypass the length check protection
* <https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer_exploitation/puzzle/index.html>
  * Given a couple of numbers find out using z3 a new number that multiplied by the first one will give the second one:

    ```
    (((argv[1] * 0x1064deadbeef4601) & 0xffffffffffffffff) == 0xD1038D2E07B42569)
    ```
* <https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/>
  * Only 1B is used to store the size of the password so it's possible to overflow it and make it think it's length of 4 while it actually is 260 to bypass the length check protection and overwrite in the stack the next local variable and bypass both protections

## ARM64

This **doesn't change in ARM64** as you can see in [**this blog post**](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/).

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</details>
{% endhint %}


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