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{% endhint %} ## Basic Information AppArmor is a **kernel enhancement designed to restrict the resources available to programs through per-program profiles**, effectively implementing Mandatory Access Control (MAC) by tying access control attributes directly to programs instead of users. This system operates by **loading profiles into the kernel**, usually during boot, and these profiles dictate what resources a program can access, such as network connections, raw socket access, and file permissions. There are two operational modes for AppArmor profiles: * **Enforcement Mode**: This mode actively enforces the policies defined within the profile, blocking actions that violate these policies and logging any attempts to breach them through systems like syslog or auditd. * **Complain Mode**: Unlike enforcement mode, complain mode does not block actions that go against the profile's policies. Instead, it logs these attempts as policy violations without enforcing restrictions. ### Components of AppArmor * **Kernel Module**: Responsible for the enforcement of policies. * **Policies**: Specify the rules and restrictions for program behavior and resource access. * **Parser**: Loads policies into the kernel for enforcement or reporting. * **Utilities**: These are user-mode programs that provide an interface for interacting with and managing AppArmor. ### Profiles path Apparmor profiles are usually saved in ***/etc/apparmor.d/***\ With `sudo aa-status` you will be able to list the binaries that are restricted by some profile. If you can change the char "/" for a dot of the path of each listed binary and you will obtain the name of the apparmor profile inside the mentioned folder. For example, a **apparmor** profile for */usr/bin/man* will be located in */etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.man* ### Commands ```bash aa-status #check the current status aa-enforce #set profile to enforce mode (from disable or complain) aa-complain #set profile to complain mode (from diable or enforcement) apparmor_parser #to load/reload an altered policy aa-genprof #generate a new profile aa-logprof #used to change the policy when the binary/program is changed aa-mergeprof #used to merge the policies ``` ## Creating a profile * In order to indicate the affected executable, **absolute paths and wildcards** are allowed (for file globbing) for specifying files. * To indicate the access the binary will have over **files** the following **access controls** can be used: * **r** (read) * **w** (write) * **m** (memory map as executable) * **k** (file locking) * **l** (creation hard links) * **ix** (to execute another program with the new program inheriting policy) * **Px** (execute under another profile, after cleaning the environment) * **Cx** (execute under a child profile, after cleaning the environment) * **Ux** (execute unconfined, after cleaning the environment) * **Variables** can be defined in the profiles and can be manipulated from outside the profile. For example: @{PROC} and @{HOME} (add #include \ to the profile file) * **Deny rules are supported to override allow rules**. ### aa-genprof To easily start creating a profile apparmor can help you. It's possible to make **apparmor inspect the actions performed by a binary and then let you decide which actions you want to allow or deny**.\ You just need to run: ```bash sudo aa-genprof /path/to/binary ``` Then, in a different console perform all the actions that the binary will usually perform: ```bash /path/to/binary -a dosomething ``` Then, in the first console press "**s**" and then in the recorded actions indicate if you want to ignore, allow, or whatever. When you have finished press "**f**" and the new profile will be created in */etc/apparmor.d/path.to.binary* {% hint style="info" %} Using the arrow keys you can select what you want to allow/deny/whatever {% endhint %} ### aa-easyprof You can also create a template of an apparmor profile of a binary with: ```bash sudo aa-easyprof /path/to/binary # vim:syntax=apparmor # AppArmor policy for binary # ###AUTHOR### # ###COPYRIGHT### # ###COMMENT### #include # No template variables specified "/path/to/binary" { #include # No abstractions specified # No policy groups specified # No read paths specified # No write paths specified } ``` {% hint style="info" %} Note that by default in a created profile nothing is allowed, so everything is denied. You will need to add lines like `/etc/passwd r,` to allow the binary read `/etc/passwd` for example. {% endhint %} You can then **enforce** the new profile with ```bash sudo apparmor_parser -a /etc/apparmor.d/path.to.binary ``` ### Modifying a profile from logs The following tool will read the logs and ask the user if he wants to permit some of the detected forbidden actions: ```bash sudo aa-logprof ``` {% hint style="info" %} Using the arrow keys you can select what you want to allow/deny/whatever {% endhint %} ### Managing a Profile ```bash #Main profile management commands apparmor_parser -a /etc/apparmor.d/profile.name #Load a new profile in enforce mode apparmor_parser -C /etc/apparmor.d/profile.name #Load a new profile in complain mode apparmor_parser -r /etc/apparmor.d/profile.name #Replace existing profile apparmor_parser -R /etc/apparmor.d/profile.name #Remove profile ``` ## Logs Example of **AUDIT** and **DENIED** logs from */var/log/audit/audit.log* of the executable **`service_bin`**: ```bash type=AVC msg=audit(1610061880.392:286): apparmor="AUDIT" operation="getattr" profile="/bin/rcat" name="/dev/pts/1" pid=954 comm="service_bin" requested_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=1000 type=AVC msg=audit(1610061880.392:287): apparmor="DENIED" operation="open" profile="/bin/rcat" name="/etc/hosts" pid=954 comm="service_bin" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0 ``` You can also get this information using: ```bash sudo aa-notify -s 1 -v Profile: /bin/service_bin Operation: open Name: /etc/passwd Denied: r Logfile: /var/log/audit/audit.log Profile: /bin/service_bin Operation: open Name: /etc/hosts Denied: r Logfile: /var/log/audit/audit.log AppArmor denials: 2 (since Wed Jan 6 23:51:08 2021) For more information, please see: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DebuggingApparmor ``` ## Apparmor in Docker Note how the profile **docker-profile** of docker is loaded by default: ```bash sudo aa-status apparmor module is loaded. 50 profiles are loaded. 13 profiles are in enforce mode. /sbin/dhclient /usr/bin/lxc-start /usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-client.action /usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-helper /usr/lib/chromium-browser/chromium-browser//browser_java /usr/lib/chromium-browser/chromium-browser//browser_openjdk /usr/lib/chromium-browser/chromium-browser//sanitized_helper /usr/lib/connman/scripts/dhclient-script docker-default ``` By default **Apparmor docker-default profile** is generated from **docker-default profile Summary**: * **Access** to all **networking** * **No capability** is defined (However, some capabilities will come from including basic base rules i.e. #include \ ) * **Writing** to any **/proc** file is **not allowed** * Other **subdirectories**/**files** of /**proc** and /**sys** are **denied** read/write/lock/link/execute access * **Mount** is **not allowed** * **Ptrace** can only be run on a process that is confined by **same apparmor profile** Once you **run a docker container** you should see the following output: ```bash 1 processes are in enforce mode. docker-default (825) ``` Note that **apparmor will even block capabilities privileges** granted to the container by default. For example, it will be able to **block permission to write inside /proc even if the SYS\_ADMIN capability is granted** because by default docker apparmor profile denies this access: ```bash docker run -it --cap-add SYS_ADMIN --security-opt seccomp=unconfined ubuntu /bin/bash echo "" > /proc/stat sh: 1: cannot create /proc/stat: Permission denied ``` You need to **disable apparmor** to bypass its restrictions: ```bash docker run -it --cap-add SYS_ADMIN --security-opt seccomp=unconfined --security-opt apparmor=unconfined ubuntu /bin/bash ``` Note that by default **AppArmor** will also **forbid the container to mount** folders from the inside even with SYS\_ADMIN capability. Note that you can **add/remove** **capabilities** to the docker container (this will be still restricted by protection methods like **AppArmor** and **Seccomp**): * `--cap-add=SYS_ADMIN` give `SYS_ADMIN` cap * `--cap-add=ALL` give all caps * `--cap-drop=ALL --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE` drop all caps and only give `SYS_PTRACE` {% hint style="info" %} Usually, when you **find** that you have a **privileged capability** available **inside** a **docker** container **but** some part of the **exploit isn't working**, this will be because docker **apparmor will be preventing it**. {% endhint %} ### Example (Example from [**here**](https://sreeninet.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/docker-security-part-2docker-engine/)) To illustrate AppArmor functionality, I created a new Docker profile “mydocker” with the following line added: ``` deny /etc/* w, # deny write for all files directly in /etc (not in a subdir) ``` To activate the profile, we need to do the following: ``` sudo apparmor_parser -r -W mydocker ``` To list the profiles, we can do the following command. The command below is listing my new AppArmor profile. ``` $ sudo apparmor_status | grep mydocker mydocker ``` As shown below, we get error when trying to change “/etc/” since AppArmor profile is preventing write access to “/etc”. ``` $ docker run --rm -it --security-opt apparmor:mydocker -v ~/haproxy:/localhost busybox chmod 400 /etc/hostname chmod: /etc/hostname: Permission denied ``` ### AppArmor Docker Bypass1 You can find which **apparmor profile is running a container** using: ```bash docker inspect 9d622d73a614 | grep lowpriv "AppArmorProfile": "lowpriv", "apparmor=lowpriv" ``` Then, you can run the following line to **find the exact profile being used**: ```bash find /etc/apparmor.d/ -name "*lowpriv*" -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null ``` In the weird case you can **modify the apparmor docker profile and reload it.** You could remove the restrictions and "bypass" them. ### AppArmor Docker Bypass2 **AppArmor is path based**, this means that even if it might be **protecting** files inside a directory like **`/proc`** if you can **configure how the container is going to be run**, you could **mount** the proc directory of the host inside **`/host/proc`** and it **won't be protected by AppArmor anymore**. ### AppArmor Shebang Bypass In [**this bug**](https://bugs.launchpad.net/apparmor/+bug/1911431) you can see an example of how **even if you are preventing perl to be run with certain resources**, if you just create a a shell script **specifying** in the first line **`#!/usr/bin/perl`** and you **execute the file directly**, you will be able to execute whatever you want. E.g.: ```perl echo '#!/usr/bin/perl use POSIX qw(strftime); use POSIX qw(setuid); POSIX::setuid(0); exec "/bin/sh"' > /tmp/test.pl chmod +x /tmp/test.pl /tmp/test.pl ``` {% hint style="success" %} Learn & practice AWS Hacking:[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)\ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: [**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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