# 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology

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**Get a hacker's perspective on your web apps, network, and cloud**

**Find and report critical, exploitable vulnerabilities with real business impact.** Use our 20+ custom tools to map the attack surface, find security issues that let you escalate privileges, and use automated exploits to collect essential evidence, turning your hard work into persuasive reports.

{% embed url="<https://pentest-tools.com/?utm_term=jul2024&utm_medium=link&utm_source=hacktricks&utm_campaign=spons>" %}

## Basic Info

The web service is the most **common and extensive service** and a lot of **different types of vulnerabilities** exists.

**Default port:** 80 (HTTP), 443(HTTPS)

```bash
PORT    STATE SERVICE
80/tcp  open  http
443/tcp open  ssl/https
```

```bash
nc -v domain.com 80 # GET / HTTP/1.0
openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 # GET / HTTP/1.0
```

### Web API Guidance

{% content-ref url="pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting" %}
[web-api-pentesting](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Methodology summary

> In this methodology we are going to suppose that you are going to a attack a domain (or subdomain) and only that. So, you should apply this methodology to each discovered domain, subdomain or IP with undetermined web server inside the scope.

* [ ] Start by **identifying** the **technologies** used by the web server. Look for **tricks** to keep in mind during the rest of the test if you can successfully identify the tech.
  * [ ] Any **known vulnerability** of the version of the technology?
  * [ ] Using any **well known tech**? Any **useful trick** to extract more information?
  * [ ] Any **specialised scanner** to run (like wpscan)?
* [ ] Launch **general purposes scanners**. You never know if they are going to find something or if the are going to find some interesting information.
* [ ] Start with the **initial checks**: **robots**, **sitemap**, **404** error and **SSL/TLS scan** (if HTTPS).
* [ ] Start **spidering** the web page: It's time to **find** all the possible **files, folders** and **parameters being used.** Also, check for **special findings**.
  * [ ] *Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be spidered.*
* [ ] **Directory Brute-Forcing**: Try to brute force all the discovered folders searching for new **files** and **directories**.
  * [ ] *Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be Brute-Forced.*
* [ ] **Backups checking**: Test if you can find **backups** of **discovered files** appending common backup extensions.
* [ ] **Brute-Force parameters**: Try to **find hidden parameters**.
* [ ] Once you have **identified** all the possible **endpoints** accepting **user input**, check for all kind of **vulnerabilities** related to it.
  * [ ] [Follow this checklist](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/pentesting-web/web-vulnerabilities-methodology)

## Server Version (Vulnerable?)

### Identify

Check if there are **known vulnerabilities** for the server **version** that is running.\
The **HTTP headers and cookies of the response** could be very useful to **identify** the **technologies** and/or **version** being used. **Nmap scan** can identify the server version, but it could also be useful the tools [**whatweb**](https://github.com/urbanadventurer/WhatWeb)**,** [**webtech** ](https://github.com/ShielderSec/webtech)or [**https://builtwith.com/**](https://builtwith.com)**:**

```bash
whatweb -a 1 <URL> #Stealthy
whatweb -a 3 <URL> #Aggresive
webtech -u <URL>
webanalyze -host https://google.com -crawl 2
```

Search **for** [**vulnerabilities of the web application** **version**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/generic-methodologies-and-resources/search-exploits)

### **Check if any WAF**

* [**https://github.com/EnableSecurity/wafw00f**](https://github.com/EnableSecurity/wafw00f)
* [**https://github.com/Ekultek/WhatWaf.git**](https://github.com/Ekultek/WhatWaf.git)
* [**https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/http-waf-detect.html**](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/http-waf-detect.html)

### Web tech tricks

Some **tricks** for **finding vulnerabilities** in different well known **technologies** being used:

* [**AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/aem-adobe-experience-cloud)
* [**Apache**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/apache)
* [**Artifactory**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/artifactory-hacking-guide)
* [**Buckets**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/buckets)
* [**CGI**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/cgi)
* [**Drupal**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/drupal)
* [**Flask**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask)
* [**Git**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/git)
* [**Golang**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/golang)
* [**GraphQL**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/graphql)
* [**H2 - Java SQL database**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/h2-java-sql-database)
* [**IIS tricks**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/iis-internet-information-services)
* [**JBOSS**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/jboss)
* [**Jenkins**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/broken-reference/README.md)
* [**Jira**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/jira)
* [**Joomla**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/joomla)
* [**JSP**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/jsp)
* [**Laravel**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/laravel)
* [**Moodle**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/moodle)
* [**Nginx**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/nginx)
* [**PHP (php has a lot of interesting tricks that could be exploited)**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp)
* [**Python**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/python)
* [**Spring Actuators**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/spring-actuators)
* [**Symphony**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/symphony)
* [**Tomcat**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/tomcat)
* [**VMWare**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/vmware-esx-vcenter...)
* [**Web API Pentesting**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting)
* [**WebDav**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/put-method-webdav)
* [**Werkzeug**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/werkzeug)
* [**Wordpress**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress)
* [**Electron Desktop (XSS to RCE)**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/electron-desktop-apps)

*Take into account that the **same domain** can be using **different technologies** in different **ports**, **folders** and **subdomains**.*\
If the web application is using any well known **tech/platform listed before** or **any other**, don't forget to **search on the Internet** new tricks (and let me know!).

### Source Code Review

If the **source code** of the application is available in **github**, apart of performing by **your own a White box test** of the application there is **some information** that could be **useful** for the current **Black-Box testing**:

* Is there a **Change-log or Readme or Version** file or anything with **version info accessible** via web?
* How and where are saved the **credentials**? Is there any (accessible?) **file** with credentials (usernames or passwords)?
* Are **passwords** in **plain text**, **encrypted** or which **hashing algorithm** is used?
* Is it using any **master key** for encrypting something? Which **algorithm** is used?
* Can you **access any of these files** exploiting some vulnerability?
* Is there any **interesting information in the github** (solved and not solved) **issues**? Or in **commit history** (maybe some **password introduced inside an old commit**)?

{% content-ref url="pentesting-web/code-review-tools" %}
[code-review-tools](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/code-review-tools)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### Automatic scanners

#### General purpose automatic scanners

```bash
nikto -h <URL>
whatweb -a 4 <URL>
wapiti -u <URL>
W3af
zaproxy #You can use an API
nuclei -ut && nuclei -target <URL>

# https://github.com/ignis-sec/puff (client side vulns fuzzer)
node puff.js -w ./wordlist-examples/xss.txt -u "http://www.xssgame.com/f/m4KKGHi2rVUN/?query=FUZZ"
```

#### CMS scanners

If a CMS is used don't forget to **run a scanner**, maybe something juicy is found:

[**Clusterd**](https://github.com/hatRiot/clusterd)**:** [**JBoss**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/jboss)**, ColdFusion, WebLogic,** [**Tomcat**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/tomcat)**, Railo, Axis2, Glassfish**\
[**CMSScan**](https://github.com/ajinabraham/CMSScan): [**WordPress**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress), [**Drupal**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/drupal), **Joomla**, **vBulletin** websites for Security issues. (GUI)\
[**VulnX**](https://github.com/anouarbensaad/vulnx)**:** [**Joomla**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/joomla)**,** [**Wordpress**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress)**,** [**Drupal**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/drupal)**, PrestaShop, Opencart**\
**CMSMap**: [**(W)ordpress**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress)**,** [**(J)oomla**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/joomla)**,** [**(D)rupal**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/drupal) **or** [**(M)oodle**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/moodle)\
[**droopscan**](https://github.com/droope/droopescan)**:** [**Drupal**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/drupal)**,** [**Joomla**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/joomla)**,** [**Moodle**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/moodle)**, Silverstripe,** [**Wordpress**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress)

```bash
cmsmap [-f W] -F -d <URL>
wpscan --force update -e --url <URL>
joomscan --ec -u <URL>
joomlavs.rb #https://github.com/rastating/joomlavs
```

> At this point you should already have some information of the web server being used by the client (if any data is given) and some tricks to keep in mind during the test. If you are lucky you have even found a CMS and run some scanner.

## Step-by-step Web Application Discovery

> From this point we are going to start interacting with the web application.

### Initial checks

**Default pages with interesting info:**

* /robots.txt
* /sitemap.xml
* /crossdomain.xml
* /clientaccesspolicy.xml
* /.well-known/
* Check also comments in the main and secondary pages.

**Forcing errors**

Web servers may **behave unexpectedly** when weird data is sent to them. This may open **vulnerabilities** or **disclosure sensitive information**.

* Access **fake pages** like /whatever\_fake.php (.aspx,.html,.etc)
* **Add "\[]", "]]", and "\[\["** in **cookie values** and **parameter** values to create errors
* Generate error by giving input as **`/~randomthing/%s`** at the **end** of **URL**
* Try **different HTTP Verbs** like PATCH, DEBUG or wrong like FAKE

#### **Check if you can upload files (**[**PUT verb, WebDav**](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/put-method-webdav)**)**

If you find that **WebDav** is **enabled** but you don't have enough permissions for **uploading files** in the root folder try to:

* **Brute Force** credentials
* **Upload files** via WebDav to the **rest** of **found folders** inside the web page. You may have permissions to upload files in other folders.

### **SSL/TLS vulnerabilites**

* If the application **isn't forcing the user of HTTPS** in any part, then it's **vulnerable to MitM**
* If the application is **sending sensitive data (passwords) using HTTP**. Then it's a high vulnerability.

Use [**testssl.sh**](https://github.com/drwetter/testssl.sh) to checks for **vulnerabilities** (In Bug Bounty programs probably these kind of vulnerabilities won't be accepted) and use [**a2sv** ](https://github.com/hahwul/a2sv)to recheck the vulnerabilities:

```bash
./testssl.sh [--htmlfile] 10.10.10.10:443
#Use the --htmlfile to save the output inside an htmlfile also

# You can also use other tools, by testssl.sh at this momment is the best one (I think)
sslscan <host:port>
sslyze --regular <ip:port>
```

Information about SSL/TLS vulnerabilities:

* <https://www.gracefulsecurity.com/tls-ssl-vulnerabilities/>
* <https://www.acunetix.com/blog/articles/tls-vulnerabilities-attacks-final-part/>

### Spidering

Launch some kind of **spider** inside the web. The goal of the spider is to **find as much paths as possible** from the tested application. Therefore, web crawling and external sources should be used to find as much valid paths as possible.

* [**gospider**](https://github.com/jaeles-project/gospider) (go): HTML spider, LinkFinder in JS files and external sources (Archive.org, CommonCrawl.org, VirusTotal.com, AlienVault.com).
* [**hakrawler**](https://github.com/hakluke/hakrawler) (go): HML spider, with LinkFider for JS files and Archive.org as external source.
* [**dirhunt**](https://github.com/Nekmo/dirhunt) (python): HTML spider, also indicates "juicy files".
* [**evine** ](https://github.com/saeeddhqan/evine)(go): Interactive CLI HTML spider. It also searches in Archive.org
* [**meg**](https://github.com/tomnomnom/meg) (go): This tool isn't a spider but it can be useful. You can just indicate a file with hosts and a file with paths and meg will fetch each path on each host and save the response.
* [**urlgrab**](https://github.com/IAmStoxe/urlgrab) (go): HTML spider with JS rendering capabilities. However, it looks like it's unmaintained, the precompiled version is old and the current code doesn't compile
* [**gau**](https://github.com/lc/gau) (go): HTML spider that uses external providers (wayback, otx, commoncrawl)
* [**ParamSpider**](https://github.com/devanshbatham/ParamSpider): This script will find URLs with parameter and will list them.
* [**galer**](https://github.com/dwisiswant0/galer) (go): HTML spider with JS rendering capabilities.
* [**LinkFinder**](https://github.com/GerbenJavado/LinkFinder) (python): HTML spider, with JS beautify capabilities capable of search new paths in JS files. It could be worth it also take a look to [JSScanner](https://github.com/dark-warlord14/JSScanner), which is a wrapper of LinkFinder.
* [**goLinkFinder**](https://github.com/0xsha/GoLinkFinder) (go): To extract endpoints in both HTML source and embedded javascript files. Useful for bug hunters, red teamers, infosec ninjas.
* [**JSParser**](https://github.com/nahamsec/JSParser) (python2.7): A python 2.7 script using Tornado and JSBeautifier to parse relative URLs from JavaScript files. Useful for easily discovering AJAX requests. Looks like unmaintained.
* [**relative-url-extractor**](https://github.com/jobertabma/relative-url-extractor) (ruby): Given a file (HTML) it will extract URLs from it using nifty regular expression to find and extract the relative URLs from ugly (minify) files.
* [**JSFScan**](https://github.com/KathanP19/JSFScan.sh) (bash, several tools): Gather interesting information from JS files using several tools.
* [**subjs**](https://github.com/lc/subjs) (go): Find JS files.
* [**page-fetch**](https://github.com/detectify/page-fetch) (go): Load a page in a headless browser and print out all the urls loaded to load the page.
* [**Feroxbuster**](https://github.com/epi052/feroxbuster) (rust): Content discovery tool mixing several options of the previous tools
* [**Javascript Parsing**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/burp-extensions): A Burp extension to find path and params in JS files.
* [**Sourcemapper**](https://github.com/denandz/sourcemapper): A tool that given the .js.map URL will get you the beatified JS code
* [**xnLinkFinder**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/xnLinkFinder): This is a tool used to discover endpoints for a given target.
* [**waymore**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/waymore)**:** Discover links from the wayback machine (also downloading the responses in the wayback and looking for more links
* [**HTTPLoot**](https://github.com/redhuntlabs/HTTPLoot) (go): Crawl (even by filling forms) and also find sensitive info using specific regexes.
* [**SpiderSuite**](https://github.com/3nock/SpiderSuite): Spider Suite is an advance multi-feature GUI web security Crawler/Spider designed for cyber security professionals.
* [**jsluice**](https://github.com/BishopFox/jsluice) (go): It's a Go package and [command-line tool](https://github.com/BishopFox/jsluice/blob/main/cmd/jsluice) for extracting URLs, paths, secrets, and other interesting data from JavaScript source code.
* [**ParaForge**](https://github.com/Anof-cyber/ParaForge): ParaForge is a simple **Burp Suite extension** to **extract the paramters and endpoints** from the request to create custom wordlist for fuzzing and enumeration.
* [**katana**](https://github.com/projectdiscovery/katana) (go): Awesome tool for this.
* [**Crawley**](https://github.com/s0rg/crawley) (go): Print every link it's able to find.

### Brute Force directories and files

Start **brute-forcing** from the root folder and be sure to brute-force **all** the **directories found** using **this method** and all the directories **discovered** by the **Spidering** (you can do this brute-forcing **recursively** and appending at the beginning of the used wordlist the names of the found directories).\
Tools:

* **Dirb** / **Dirbuster** - Included in Kali, **old** (and **slow**) but functional. Allow auto-signed certificates and recursive search. Too slow compared with th other options.
* [**Dirsearch**](https://github.com/maurosoria/dirsearch) (python)**: It doesn't allow auto-signed certificates but** allows recursive search.
* [**Gobuster**](https://github.com/OJ/gobuster) (go): It allows auto-signed certificates, it **doesn't** have **recursive** search.
* [**Feroxbuster**](https://github.com/epi052/feroxbuster) **- Fast, supports recursive search.**
* [**wfuzz**](https://github.com/xmendez/wfuzz) `wfuzz -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt https://domain.com/api/FUZZ`
* [**ffuf** ](https://github.com/ffuf/ffuf)- Fast: `ffuf -c -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/big.txt -u http://10.10.10.10/FUZZ`
* [**uro**](https://github.com/s0md3v/uro) (python): This isn't a spider but a tool that given the list of found URLs will to delete "duplicated" URLs.
* [**Scavenger**](https://github.com/0xDexter0us/Scavenger): Burp Extension to create a list of directories from the burp history of different pages
* [**TrashCompactor**](https://github.com/michael1026/trashcompactor): Remove URLs with duplicated functionalities (based on js imports)
* [**Chamaleon**](https://github.com/iustin24/chameleon): It uses wapalyzer to detect used technologies and select the wordlists to use.

**Recommended dictionaries:**

* <https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/bf_directories.txt>
* [**Dirsearch** included dictionary](https://github.com/maurosoria/dirsearch/blob/master/db/dicc.txt)
* <http://gist.github.com/jhaddix/b80ea67d85c13206125806f0828f4d10>
* [Assetnote wordlists](https://wordlists.assetnote.io)
* <https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/tree/master/Discovery/Web-Content>
  * raft-large-directories-lowercase.txt
  * directory-list-2.3-medium.txt
  * RobotsDisallowed/top10000.txt
* <https://github.com/random-robbie/bruteforce-lists>
* <https://github.com/google/fuzzing/tree/master/dictionaries>
* <https://github.com/six2dez/OneListForAll>
* <https://github.com/random-robbie/bruteforce-lists>
* <https://github.com/ayoubfathi/leaky-paths>
* */usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt*
* */usr/share/wordlists/dirb/big.txt*
* */usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt*

*Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be Brute-Forced.*

### What to check on each file found

* [**Broken link checker**](https://github.com/stevenvachon/broken-link-checker): Find broken links inside HTMLs that may be prone to takeovers
* **File Backups**: Once you have found all the files, look for backups of all the executable files ("*.php*", "*.aspx*"...). Common variations for naming a backup are: *file.ext\~, #file.ext#, \~file.ext, file.ext.bak, file.ext.tmp, file.ext.old, file.bak, file.tmp and file.old.* You can also use the tool [**bfac**](https://github.com/mazen160/bfac) **or** [**backup-gen**](https://github.com/Nishantbhagat57/backup-gen)**.**
* **Discover new parameters**: You can use tools like [**Arjun**](https://github.com/s0md3v/Arjun)**,** [**parameth**](https://github.com/maK-/parameth)**,** [**x8**](https://github.com/sh1yo/x8) **and** [**Param Miner**](https://github.com/PortSwigger/param-miner) **to discover hidden parameters. If you can, you could try to search** hidden parameters on each executable web file.
  * *Arjun all default wordlists:* <https://github.com/s0md3v/Arjun/tree/master/arjun/db>
  * *Param-miner “params” :* <https://github.com/PortSwigger/param-miner/blob/master/resources/params>
  * *Assetnote “parameters\_top\_1m”:* [https://wordlists.assetnote.io/](https://wordlists.assetnote.io)
  * *nullenc0de “params.txt”:* <https://gist.github.com/nullenc0de/9cb36260207924f8e1787279a05eb773>
* **Comments:** Check the comments of all the files, you can find **credentials** or **hidden functionality**.
  * If you are playing **CTF**, a "common" trick is to **hide** **information** inside comments at the **right** of the **page** (using **hundreds** of **spaces** so you don't see the data if you open the source code with the browser). Other possibility is to use **several new lines** and **hide information** in a comment at the **bottom** of the web page.
* **API keys**: If you **find any API key** there is guide that indicates how to use API keys of different platforms: [**keyhacks**](https://github.com/streaak/keyhacks)**,** [**zile**](https://github.com/xyele/zile.git)**,** [**truffleHog**](https://github.com/trufflesecurity/truffleHog)**,** [**SecretFinder**](https://github.com/m4ll0k/SecretFinder)**,** [**RegHex**](https://github.com/l4yton/RegHex\)/)**,** [**DumpsterDive**](https://github.com/securing/DumpsterDiver)**,** [**EarlyBird**](https://github.com/americanexpress/earlybird)
  * Google API keys: If you find any API key looking like **AIza**SyA-qLheq6xjDiEIRisP\_ujUseYLQCHUjik you can use the project [**gmapapiscanner**](https://github.com/ozguralp/gmapsapiscanner) to check which apis the key can access.
* **S3 Buckets**: While spidering look if any **subdomain** or any **link** is related with some **S3 bucket**. In that case, [**check** the **permissions** of the bucket](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/buckets).

### Special findings

**While** performing the **spidering** and **brute-forcing** you could find **interesting** **things** that you have to **notice**.

**Interesting files**

* Look for **links** to other files inside the **CSS** files.
* [If you find a ***.git*** file some information can be extracted](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/git)
* If you find a ***.env*** information such as api keys, dbs passwords and other information can be found.
* If you find **API endpoints** you [should also test them](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting). These aren't files, but will probably "look like" them.
* **JS files**: In the spidering section several tools that can extract path from JS files were mentioned. Also, It would be interesting to **monitor each JS file found**, as in some ocations, a change may indicate that a potential vulnerability was introduced in the code. You could use for example [**JSMon**](https://github.com/robre/jsmon)**.**
  * You should also check discovered JS files with [**RetireJS**](https://github.com/retirejs/retire.js/) or [**JSHole**](https://github.com/callforpapers-source/jshole) to find if it's vulnerable.
  * **Javascript Deobfuscator and Unpacker:** <https://lelinhtinh.github.io/de4js/>, <https://www.dcode.fr/javascript-unobfuscator>
  * **Javascript Beautifier:** [http://jsbeautifier.org/](https://beautifier.io), [http://jsnice.org/](http://jsnice.org)
  * **JsFuck deobfuscation** (javascript with chars:"\[]!+" <https://ooze.ninja/javascript/poisonjs/>)
  * [**TrainFuck**](https://github.com/taco-c/trainfuck)**:** `+72.+29.+7..+3.-67.-12.+55.+24.+3.-6.-8.-67.-23.`
  * In several occasions you will need to **understand regular expressions** used, this will be useful: [https://regex101.com/](https://regex101.com)
* You could also **monitor the files were forms were detected**, as a change in the parameter or the apearance f a new form may indicate a potential new vulnerable functionality.

**403 Forbidden/Basic Authentication/401 Unauthorized (bypass)**

{% content-ref url="pentesting-web/403-and-401-bypasses" %}
[403-and-401-bypasses](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/403-and-401-bypasses)
{% endcontent-ref %}

**502 Proxy Error**

If any page **responds** with that **code**, it's probably a **bad configured proxy**. **If you send a HTTP request like: `GET https://google.com HTTP/1.1`** (with the host header and other common headers), the **proxy** will try to **access** ***google.com*** **and you will have found a** SSRF.

**NTLM Authentication - Info disclosure**

If the running server asking for authentication is **Windows** or you find a login asking for your **credentials** (and asking for **domain** **name**), you can provoke an **information disclosure**.\
**Send** the **header**: `“Authorization: NTLM TlRMTVNTUAABAAAAB4IIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=”` and due to how the **NTLM authentication works**, the server will respond with internal info (IIS version, Windows version...) inside the header "WWW-Authenticate".\
You can **automate** this using the **nmap plugin** "*http-ntlm-info.nse*".

**HTTP Redirect (CTF)**

It is possible to **put content** inside a **Redirection**. This content **won't be shown to the user** (as the browser will execute the redirection) but something could be **hidden** in there.

### Web Vulnerabilities Checking

Now that a comprehensive enumeration of the web application has been performed it's time to check for a lot of possible vulnerabilities. You can find the checklist here:

{% content-ref url="../pentesting-web/web-vulnerabilities-methodology" %}
[web-vulnerabilities-methodology](https://angelica.gitbook.io/hacktricks/pentesting-web/web-vulnerabilities-methodology)
{% endcontent-ref %}

Find more info about web vulns in:

* <https://six2dez.gitbook.io/pentest-book/others/web-checklist>
* <https://kennel209.gitbooks.io/owasp-testing-guide-v4/content/en/web_application_security_testing/configuration_and_deployment_management_testing.html>
* <https://owasp-skf.gitbook.io/asvs-write-ups/kbid-111-client-side-template-injection>

### Monitor Pages for changes

You can use tools such as <https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io> to monitor pages for modifications that might insert vulnerabilities.

<figure><img src="https://4053168017-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FbkAZDoSuRHGdNlWHdyKs%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-ffd918256b0d7a6e898e6b0380662a7903701da7%2Fpentest-tools.svg?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

**Get a hacker's perspective on your web apps, network, and cloud**

**Find and report critical, exploitable vulnerabilities with real business impact.** Use our 20+ custom tools to map the attack surface, find security issues that let you escalate privileges, and use automated exploits to collect essential evidence, turning your hard work into persuasive reports.

{% embed url="<https://pentest-tools.com/?utm_term=jul2024&utm_medium=link&utm_source=hacktricks&utm_campaign=spons>" %}

### HackTricks Automatic Commands

```
Protocol_Name: Web    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  80,443     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Web         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
  Name: Notes
  Description: Notes for Web
  Note: |
    https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-web

Entry_2:
  Name: Quick Web Scan
  Description: Nikto and GoBuster
  Command: nikto -host {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} &&&& gobuster dir -w {Small_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} && gobuster dir -w {Big_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_3:
  Name: Nikto
  Description: Basic Site Info via Nikto
  Command: nikto -host {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_4:
  Name: WhatWeb
  Description: General purpose auto scanner
  Command: whatweb -a 4 {IP}

Entry_5:
  Name: Directory Brute Force Non-Recursive
  Description:  Non-Recursive Directory Brute Force
  Command: gobuster dir -w {Big_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_6:
  Name: Directory Brute Force Recursive
  Description: Recursive Directory Brute Force
  Command: python3 {Tool_Dir}dirsearch/dirsearch.py -w {Small_Dirlist} -e php,exe,sh,py,html,pl -f -t 20 -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} -r 10

Entry_7:
  Name: Directory Brute Force CGI
  Description: Common Gateway Interface Brute Force
  Command: gobuster dir -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}/ -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/CGIs.txt -s 200

Entry_8:
  Name: Nmap Web Vuln Scan
  Description: Tailored Nmap Scan for web Vulnerabilities
  Command: nmap -vv --reason -Pn -sV -p {Web_Port} --script=`banner,(http* or ssl*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or http-slowloris* or fuzzer)` {IP}

Entry_9:
  Name: Drupal
  Description: Drupal Enumeration Notes
  Note: |
    git clone https://github.com/immunIT/drupwn.git for low hanging fruit and git clone https://github.com/droope/droopescan.git for deeper enumeration

Entry_10:
  Name: WordPress
  Description: WordPress Enumeration with WPScan
  Command: |
    ?What is the location of the wp-login.php? Example: /Yeet/cannon/wp-login.php
    wpscan --url {Web_Proto}://{IP}{1} --enumerate ap,at,cb,dbe && wpscan --url {Web_Proto}://{IP}{1} --enumerate u,tt,t,vp --passwords {Big_Passwordlist} -e

Entry_11:
  Name: WordPress Hydra Brute Force
  Description: Need User (admin is default)
  Command: hydra -l admin -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} -V http-form-post '/wp-login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log In&testcookie=1:S=Location'

Entry_12:
  Name: Ffuf Vhost
  Description: Simple Scan with Ffuf for discovering additional vhosts
  Command: ffuf -w {Subdomain_List}:FUZZ -u {Web_Proto}://{Domain_Name} -H "Host:FUZZ.{Domain_Name}" -c -mc all {Ffuf_Filters}
```

{% hint style="success" %}
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="https://4053168017-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FbkAZDoSuRHGdNlWHdyKs%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-ce8af1068db7be4ad9003f8ddb02fea8f943f1a4%2Farte.png?alt=media" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="https://4053168017-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FbkAZDoSuRHGdNlWHdyKs%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-ce8af1068db7be4ad9003f8ddb02fea8f943f1a4%2Farte.png?alt=media" alt="" data-size="line">\
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="https://4053168017-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FbkAZDoSuRHGdNlWHdyKs%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-54ee1fb931f39d1e6f50150361b6aa1927f4ee88%2Fgrte.png?alt=media" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="https://4053168017-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FbkAZDoSuRHGdNlWHdyKs%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-54ee1fb931f39d1e6f50150361b6aa1927f4ee88%2Fgrte.png?alt=media" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)

<details>

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</details>
{% endhint %}
